Литосфера, 1995, No.2
/ Издания академии / Научные журналы
Литосфера, 1995, No.2
Номер 2, 1995
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ОБЩИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ
Naidenkov I.V.
Problems of the Early Precambrian Geology. pp. 5--26
Abstract: The history of formation and study of the Precambrian geology beginning from the second half the 18th century to the present is briefly described. The major existing versions of Precambrian stratigraphic scales are presented. A summary of the most important unsolved problems of the Early Precambrian geology is given, the problems being grouped in such leads as: specific features of the Earth's evolution stages and age; stratigraphy and formations; tectonics; metallogeny; life in the Precambrian. The problems of the Earth's age (in its historical aspect) and of pecularities of the old history of the Earth since its origination 4.6 mlrd. yrs. B.P. till the end of the Archean are discussed most in detail. The most important data of the Early Precambrian geology of Belarus available to date are briefly revieved, the main unresolved problems in the fields of stratigraphy, geochronology, tectonics and metallogeny of the crystalline basement of Belarus are outlined.
Kislik V.I.
The evolution of the chemical composition of the world ocean water. pp. 26--33
Abstract: The evolution of the world ocean water goes from the chloride type through sulphate to the hydrocarbonate one and from the mainly juvenile type to the mainly wadose one. Anyhow, during the phanerozoic time of the Earth's geological history there were no events that could influence the chemical composition of ocean water to extent of changing it from sulphate to chloride and vice versa. Two phanerozoic megacycles of the halogenesis process were connected with two cycles of the convection in the mantle and were due to thermodynamic activities in the Earth's interior that finally manifested in the energy release into sedimentary basins of various tectonic types. The specific phases of the halogenesis reflect the time of the Earth's interior opening and calcium chloride water entering into marine basins.
Garetsky R.G., Karatayev G.I.
Major problems of ecological geology. pp. 33--41
Abstract: Two aspects of the man and nature interaction are discussed: human impact upon geological, geophisical, geochemical and hydrogeological conditions; disturbance of man and fruits of his labour by artificial and natural geophysical fields and deep tectonic and physical processes. It is shown that ecological mapping provides a basis for studying regular features of the above processes, for the territory division into regions with ecological equilibrium disturbed to variable extent, for efficient nature management and harmonious coexistence of man and the nature.
ГЕОЛОГИЯ
Goretsky G.I.
Centers of the Anthropogene synthesis in Belarus. pp. 42--46
Abstract: A speech delivered by G.I.Goretsky on 10 April , 1985 -- the day of his eighty fifth anniversary is cited. This speech was conserned with the main sites of the Anthropogene synthesis in Belarus, presented the major results of investigations, and thoughts about the immediate tasks. In the past two decades considerable progress has been made by Quaternary geologists.The synthesis is a major trend of modern investigations. There are some sites in the Anthropogene nature, where all the problems of geology are closely interrelated. Some examples of similar sites are given below. These are sites of synthesis of deposits, where local moraines take the first place. The study of these morainesenables the reconstruction of the direction of glaciers movement and their destructive force. The second site is aquatic moraines which are witnesses of glaciers and water bodies contacts. Glacier stands, dislocations and other palaeogeographic evidences are represented in limnoglacial deposits as synthesis sites. It is possible to understand glacier and glacial water dynamics and differentiate between periglacial and alluvial terraces, pseudoterraces and real ones by studying glacioalluvial and periglacioalluvial deposit sites in periglacial formations. Valleys of glacial ploughing and wash out are most important among the buried relief sites. The synthesis of deposits and relief is shown in paleogeographic areas. Two main types of areas -- symmetrical and asymmetrical ones are distinguished. The first ones are seshchy (deep glacial exaration valleys), the second ones appear when glacier goes around solid bedrock remnants. The synthesis of the highest rank is geological zonation, which is a synthesis of all the sites available as a unity for recognition as a result of geological regions. Searches for the Anthropogene synthesis sites give an investigator a great creative pleasure, which is the most important element of happiness. Search for synthesis sites to be happy!
Kalinovsky P.F.
Predatory animals from the Smorgon site. pp. 47--57
Abstract: 25 species of animals have been determined in the Smorgon site, that is the richest one in Mammalia fossils in Belarus. The article presents the most complete description of remains of carnivorous beasts found there.
There are available more than 90 bones of mammals that are distributed as follows: 12 specimens of the wolf, 27 sp. of the dog, 15 sp. of the polar fox, 2 sp. of the fox, 20 sp. of the brown bear, 8 sp. of the cave-bear, 2 sp. of the badger, 5 specimens of the cave-lion. It makes up only 1.5% of the total amount of the identified remains and may be due to the peculiarities of the procedure of fossils extraction from bone-containing deposits, that causes partial and full crushing of fragile osteological remains.
According to the collagen analysis data, fossilization and mineralization degree the remains of wolf, polar fox, bears and cave-lion are of Pleistocene age, while the bones of dog, fox and badger are of Holocene age.
Fossils are presented mainly by fragmentary material (fragments of crania and lower jaws, tubular bones of extremities and metapodies). Their measurementes and comparison show that remains of wolf,polar fox, brown bear, fox and badger are almost similar to the analogical bones of modern species of these animals. Fossils of the cave-bear belong to small individuals and the cave-lion is smaller than the similar beasts, whose remains have been found in the Volga region, the Caucasis and Siberia. Measurements of the dogs bones vary in a wide range. These remains belong to small and big animals.
Khursevich G.K., Rylova T.B, Fedenya S.A.
Biostratigraphy of the Upper Pleistocene from key sections of southeastern Belarus. pp. 57--67
Abstract: Results of paleobotanical investigations of ancient lacustrine sediments stripped by the borehole 87 near Svetlogorsk at a depth of 20.2 -- 61.2 m and by the borehole 66 near the village of Boroviki of the Svetlogorsk province of the Gomel region at a depth of 24.0 -- 55.5 m testify to their formation during the Muravian (Mikulino, Eemian) Interglacial and the Early Poozerje (Early Valdai, Early Weichselian) time. The interglacial rocks of the borehole 87 were subdivided into palynozones mr2 -- mr8, those of the borehole 66 into mr5 -- mr8. The Lower Poozerje glacial deposits of the borehole 87 were subdivided into palyzones pz1 -- pz5, those of the borehole 66 -- into pz1 -- pz2. Reveald Early Poozerian Interstadials (pz2 -- Surazh -- AP (96%), NAP (3 -- 9), Pinus (90), Betula (35 -- 46), Picea (2), Larix (2%) and pz4 -- Polotsk -- AP (90%), NAP (26), Pinus (87), Betula (15), Juniperus (2), Larix (2), Picea (2%) can be most likely correlated with the Brorup and Odderade Interstadials of North-Western Europe. A distinct diatom succession reflects the sedimentation conditions in paleobasins of various types. If in the section of the borehole 87 a high frequency of planktonic species has been established both in the Muravian interglacial and the Surazh interstadial deposits, then in the section of the borehole 66 -- in rocks of the Muravian Interglacial only. The prevalence of planktonic representatives in the general composition of the diatom assemblage testifies to the existence of a deep ancient lake. The predominance of bottom and epiphytic diatoms in the section of the borehole 87 has been recorded only in the early stadial sediments of the Poozerje Glaciation, while in the section of the borehole 66 -- both in the stadial and in Surazh interstadial layers of the Lower Poozerje deposits, that corresponds to a shallow paleobasin.
Pavlovskaya I.E., Zernitskaya V.P.
Paleogeography of the Zapadnaya Dvina basin in the Late Glacial and Holocene time. pp. 67--75
Abstract: The history of the basin development in the Late Glacial and Holocene time has been reconstructured on the basis of lithological and geomorphological investigations, study of the West Dvina terraces, interpretation of paleogeomorphological and palynological data. The basin evolution is subdivided into several stages: 1) river network revival and formation of the second terrace (Braslav stage of the Poozerje Glaciation -- Middle Dryas); 2) formation of the first terrace (Allerod -- Preboreal); 3) formation of the flood plain (from Boreal till the present time). Peculiarities and succession of the terraces formation and the vegetation cover evolution within the basin territory have been analysed.
Taran L.N.
Composition,characteristics and formation conditions of pyroxenes from granulites and eulysites of the Belarusian Crystalline Massif. pp. 75--85
Abstract: High-grade metamorphic rocks are widespread in the Belarusian crystalline massif (BCM). They had been reworked by retrogressive processes. Orthopyroxene (RPy) from metabasites is hypersthene or ferrohypersthene (f = 46 -- 65%). RPy associated with garnet and clinopyroxene shows f = 57 -- 65% and significant variations of Al2O3 content (0.04 -- 0.62%). Orthopyroxene from metapelites has f = 48 -- 49% and higher Al2O3 content. There is negative correlation between fRPy and anorthite component in plagioclase that it explaines more Na activity at the retrograde stage. Very high f (up to 88%) is the major feature of eulysite orthopyroxenes. fRPy decreases as lowas 47 -- 59% in Fe-silicate quartzites. The positive correlation between angle 2V, pleochroism intensity and fRPy was clearly observed. The study of Fe--Mg distribution in orthopyroxene and amphibole shows the temperature variation from 750 to 850°C (metabasites with garnet), from 600 to 720°C (metabasites with garnet), and from 675 to 750°C (eulysite complex). Clinoopyroxene (MPy) are represented by salite, Ca-rich augite, ferrosalite and that ones of eulysites -- by Ca-rich ferroaugite, ferrohedenbergite. fMPy varies from 27 to 47%. When garnet appears fMPy increases up to 48 -- 51%. The CaO content changes from 19 and 25%. Clinopyroxene from metapelites is characterized by high Al2O3 contents (up to 1.64%) and f = 35 -- 40%. A negative correlation between fMPy and anorthite component in plagioclase has been established. Clinopyroxene from eulysite complex shown f = 44 -- 81%. As in case with orthopyroxene, fMPy in quartzites regularly decreases. On the basis of Fe--Mg distribution between clinopyroxene and amphibole temperatures have been calculated: 750 -- 900°C (Neman block), 725 -- 800°C (Lepel block), 620 -- 730°C (metabasite with garnet). The research of pyroxenes from granulites and eulysites of BCM shows that the pyroxene composition and properties are firstfly due to PT-parameters and mineral and chemical composition of host-rocks and, but depend as well on activity of all the elements in retrogressive stage.
Levykh N.N., Makhnach A.S.
Weathering crust evolution and its influence on the sedimentation and mineral resources formation in Belarus. pp. 86--96
Abstract: The geological history of Belarus is represented by the repeated alernation of continental conditions when the weathering crust formed and deposition periods when weathering products were buried. 17 levels and 11 epochs of the weathering crust formation have been revealed in the territory of Belarus. Mesozoic and Cenozoic weathering crusts which were formed under hot and humid climatic conditions are the most mature ones. Thick (up to 24 m) kaolinitization zones with the boehmite and gibbsite mineralization formed on the rocks of both the crystalline basement and sedimentary cover are revealed within Early-Prelate Jurassic crusts. A well-defined gibbsite and kaolinite zone (17 m) was established in the Early-Prelate Cretaceous crust on crystalline rocks.The alumina manifestations are indicative of lateritic trend of crust formation during the Mezozoic and suggest a possibility of alumina deposits discovery in North-West and South Belarus. Thick (up to 70 -- 80 m) weathering crusts with distinctive kaolitization zones that were formed during the late Oligocene -- late Miocene crusting epoch provided the basis for the secondary kaolin deposits formation within the Mikashevichy -- Zhitkovichy Uplift. High concentrations of nickel, cobalt, copper, silver, titanium, vanadium and chromium found out in the weathering crusts are the polymetallic and iron ore guides. The redeposited products of weathering crusts with rather high content of rare elements are of interest for search for terrigenous zircon, monazite and xenotime concentrations.
Anoshko Ya.I., Shimanovich S.L.
Mineralogical provinces of covering deposits of Belarus. pp. 96--103
Abstract: Covering deposits of some genetic types include rather high quantity of many useful heavy minerals, which suggests that Anthropogene strata are promising for their high concentrations and placers. About 40 thousand mineralogical analyses down to a sampling depth of 30 m have been carried out in Anthropogene deposits of various genetic types to estimate peculiarities of their distribution over the territory. Mineralogical province (territory) subdivided into regions and subregions was taken as the main area for zoning. 10 mineralogical regions and subregions united into three vast mineralogical provinces (territories) have been finally distinguished. Their outlines extended to the limits of the Poozerje and Moguilev stages of the Moscow glaciation. Mineralogical regions have been recognized with consideration for a guide mineralogical association and distribution of evident genetic types of Anthropogene rocks. Three mineralogical regions -- Braslav--Miory, Postavy--Polotsk and Gorodok--Vitebsk are distinguished in the Poozerje area. In the Belarussian Ridge province and neighbouring four regions are recognized: Grodno--Volkovysk with Sopotskin and Skidel--Mosty subregions, Lida--Stolbtsy, Smorgon--Minsk and Orsha--Moguilev ones. In the Polessie area and Dnieper Depression there are Pruzhany--Kobrin, Baranovichy--Mozyr with Gantsevichy--Zhytkovichy and Stolin--Mozyr subregions and Bykhov--Gomel mineralogical regions. Mineralogical zoning is a good ground for more comprehensive investigations aimed at useful minerals prospecting.
Shaimuratov R.V., Marchenko L.N.
Quantitative estimation of the moisture transfer in the aeration zone of southeastern Belarus. pp. 104--107
Abstract: By means of the analysis of regime regularities and moisture balance in both saturated and unsaturated rocks of studies region complex problems of water dynamics are reduced to the easier ones, that accept the use of the classic methods of integration. The results of research carried out establish dependences between the characteristics of flow with different initial and bound conditions to be considered, estimate quantitatively the ground water supply and discharge, and determine the moisture transfer rate in order to study the migration of contaminatants.
Zinovenko G.V., Monkevich K.N.
Jurassic paleography of the EEP west in the context of global events. pp. 108--119
Abstract: Jurassic deposits are represented in the western margin of the East European Platform by continental, lagoon and marine formations with numerous breaks in sedimentation and repeated changes of their sedimentation conditions. These strata are characterized throughout by some general structural pattern derived from general reasons related to geodynamics of North-West and South Europe as a whole during the Jurassic. The main features of Jurassic paleogeography -- transgressions, regional breaks, replacement of terrigenous sedimentation by the carbonate one were due to such global events as the North Atlantic Ocean and Thetys opening and development, rifting within their limits, formation of the North Sea graben system and Danish-Polish rift. The synchroneity of geological events in the Southern and Northern Oceans, as well as the synchroneity of climatic changes in the northern and southern parts of West Europe resulted in a uniformity of geological processes during the Jurassic on the old platform at large. An expansive transgression coincides with the Bajocian-Bathonian time. At the boundary between the Middle and Upper Jurassic terrigenous sedimentation is replaced by the carbonate one, and a barrier reef is formed in the Late Jurassic along the length of the western border of the East European Platform. By the end of the Jurassic the sea regresses from the old platform.
Boborykin A.M., Kozhenov V.Ya., Shkuratov V.I.
Tectonics of the Volozhin Graben. pp. 119--124
Abstract: The paper contains new data about structure and development of the Volozhin graben in Belarus. It has been established that the surface part of the basement of the Volozhin graben and adjacent territory of the Belarusian Anteclise show the more complicated structure, than that described in former scientific works. The Volozhin graben, as well as the Eishishkes, Ivjev, Zaslavl and Rubezhevichy horsts had been originated at the early stages of the platform cover formation in the Volynian time and had completed their geological evolution at the beginning of the Valdaj time. Southeastern part of the Naliboky fault became more active at the Hercynian stage.
Konischev V.S.
Paleogeodynamics and evolution history of the East European Platform southeast. pp. 124--135
Abstract: The uplift of the anomalous mantle substance to the bottom of the Earth's crust resulted in its rise, rupture, and the formation from the late Cambrian to middle Devonian of the Ural paleoocean, South-Embian miogeosyncline and North Caspian-Mugodzary zone of pericratonal subcidences at the continental borderland. This zone subsided as a result of cooling and concentration of the anomalous mantle substance. The Astrakhan-Aktjubinsk zone of marginal rises formed behind the zone of pericratonal subsidences due to isostratic crust uplifting above the anomalous mantle, that penetrated there during the mantle convection. The flow of the plastic layer of the Earth's crust to the ocean resulted in its thinning, the rupture of the upper fragile crust layer and formation of the subsidence zone and Alekseevsk-Sarpinsky rift behind the zone of bordering uplifts. Scattered spreading of the upper fragile crust layer of this zone and its saturation with basalts made granitic layers similar to basaltic ones. The lithosphere lower part stretching resulted in the hot substance penetration from the astenosphere to the basaltic layer and basalts were transformed to eclogites. These processes resulted in the crust weighting and isostratic subsidence. Cooling and compressing of the lithosphere and also hardening of the anomalous mantle resulted in their concentration and isostratic subsidence of the Caspian basin and, in particular, Central-Caspian depression since the Middle Devonian to Middle Triassic. During the phase of quick susidence since the Middle Devonian to Early Permian a deep uncompensated trough formed.
Markovsky V.M.
Tumin sequence -- the indicator of the contrast paleogeodynamic processes at the Volyn-Podolian margin of the East European Platform. pp. 136--144
Abstract: Red terrigenous beds are situated at the northern margin of the Lvov Depression. These more than 400 m thick beds are attribute of the Tumin sequence. Beds consist of coarsely fragmental rocks: gravelstone, conglomerates, breccias, olistoliths. Formation and location of this sequence are determined by the Volyn Uplift in the basement which was developed from the second part of the Famennian time. Most part of these deposits of the Tumin sequence is located near the southern border of the uplift, near the Vladimir-Volyn thrust in a narrow (about 10 km wide) compensation depression. The thickness of the beds decrease southward and these are replaced by sulphate-dolomite rocks that are widespread all over the area of the Lvov Depression. Descrepencies in the structure and composition of the Tumin sequence give a chance to follow for succesive stripping of different parts of this great block. Proterozoic and paleozoic rocks are elevated high above the sedimentary basin. These rocks form a large step at the southern border. The statigraphic position of the sequence evidently shows that the paleogeodinamic processes are confined to the late Famennian-Tournaisian time.
Matveyev A.V.
Peculiarities of the lineaments jointing within the territory of Belarus. pp. 144--151
Abstract: The paper discusses the peculiarities of morphology and manifestation of lineament nodes in the crystalline basement and anomalous magnetic fields. Therewith, the areas of topo- and cosmolineament joints are analyzed separately. It was shown that these two groups of formations differ in morphology. The are also variously distributed throughout the territory. Complex topolineament joints occur universally, and the cosmolineament forms are mainly confined to the Pripyat Trough. Lineament nodes coincide in the crystalline basement with fault intersections, complex rock associations of various age and composition, individual rock blocks, schistosity and mylonitization zones, almost every complex cosmolineament joints being manifested to various degree in the basement structure, where as only 30% of topolineaments intersection areas extend into the deep-seated zones. Basement rocks, anomalies of rare metals, cooper, nickel, lead and zinc manifestations are confined to some lineament nodes. There are no established regular associations between lineament nodes and mineral occurences in the cover. Lineament joints are rather well pronounced in anomalous magnetic fields. Closed isodynamic lines, their sharp curves, narrowing sites, angular approaches correspond to them. Topolineament nodes are more pronounced in the magnetic field. It was also established that epicenters of registered earthquakes, as well ring structures distinguished from distance survey data tend to the lineament jointing sites. The analysis of the data obtained aloow a conclusion that in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene a new structural pattern was originated. With some structural resemblance, it differs noticeably from the basement surface and neotectonic movements structure.
Karatayev G.I.
The plume-fluide mechanism of the Pripyat Graben origin. pp. 151--161
Abstract: This paper proposes a hypothesis of the Pripyat Graben origin which differs from the existing ones. According to our approach, vertical movements have played a major role in the development of this geological structure having its geophysical and geological properties formed due to local deep processes. Main standpoints of our approach are as follows: The Pripyat Graben had been formed in the zone of the big Sarmatian-Turanian lineament. As we can assume, the geodynamic processes in this region began to attenuate in the Early Proterozoic. The more active processes of cooling and crystallization in the upper part of the lithosphere resulted in disappearing faults and fractures. The same processes, which were not so active in the lower part of the lithosphere, resulted in faults and fractures survival and the transformation of a thick and active asthenospheric layer to an asthenolens was formed in the territory of the Pripyat Graben and accumulated high-temperature fluids that formed a fluid plume. In the Early Devonian this plume penetrated along fractures and faults to the lower crust and formed a high temperature magmatic layer, which resulted in the temperature and pressure increase in the heavier and consolidated upper crustal layer. Under high pressure the upper crustal layer began to crack allong the line of the future graben and to form a system of crustal faults. The upper crustal block began to sink along these faults in the low ductile magma squeezing it out in the upper horizons. The process of the matter density differentiation was going on with high heat transfer which resulted in the consolidationof upper and lower crustal layers and these consolidated blocks sinking in the upper ductile mantle in accordance with the isostasy models.
The above concept of the Pripyat Graben origin is in good agreement with rheological and geomechanical evidences. It explains the nature of the Moho discontinuity and transition layer, as well as the Early Devonian kimberlite magmatism.
ГЕОХИМИЯ
Belousova T.N., Kuznetsov V.A.
Paleogeochemical reconstruction of the Muravian Interglacial deposits formation conditions (illustrated with the Doroshevichy section). pp. 162--172.
Abstract: Using a complex of geochemical, lithological, palynological, carpological and other data, an attempt has been made to reconstruct the history of the Doroshevichy peat bog formation. The theoretical curves showing the distribution of microelements in old wood species of the Murava Interglacial have been constructed with accounting for their paleophytocoenoses order. By comparing the real curves of Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Ti and V distribution with the theoretical ones the Murava vegetation phases are reconstructed. On the basis of analyzing microelement concentrations, values of accumulation coefficients and character of paragenetic element associations, two accumulation and there dispersion periods correlated with the intervals of relative rise or fall of paleotemperatures are distinguished. Special attention was given to buried sorption-mechanical geochemical barriers formed by the infiltration supply of clay and mud materials from overlying rocks, microelement sorption by organic substances and amorphous hydroxides of iron.
КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ
Shcheglova V.V., Loshenkov M.I. About the wild forest cat remains found in the ancient Yastrebka site. pp. 173--175
Vakhrushev V.A., Serbin G.A. The composition of natural gases from the crystalline basement of Belarus. pp. 175--178.
Vysotsky E.A. Paleomorphological conditions of the oil trap formation in the upper salt deposits of the Yelizarovo area. pp. 178--182
Chernyakhovsky A.B., Ilkevich G.I. History of the rare-metal occurrence discovery in Belarus. pp. 182--184
ЮБИЛЕИ
Petukhova Nella Neofitovna. pp. 185--186
Aksamentova Nina Veniaminovna. pp. 186--187
Uryev Iliya Iosifovich. pp. 188--189
Zinovenko Galina Vladimirovna. pp. 189--190
Kudelsky Anatoly Victorovich. pp. 190--192
Boguino Vladimir Antonovich. pp. 192--193
Rauzer-Chernousova Dagmara Maksimillianovna. pp. 193--193
ПАМЯТИ УЧЕНОГО
Mastjulin Leonid Andreyevich. The life devoted to science. pp. 194--195
Klushyn Sergey Valentinovich. The grievous loss of Belarusian geophysics. pp. 195--197
Fursenko Alexandr Vasilyevich. Scientist and Teacher. pp. 198--201
Manykin Semen Sergeyevich. The Master of the Paleogene -- Neogene geology of Belarus. pp. 202--204
Gursky Boris Nikolayevich. The eminent geologist of the Anthropogene. pp. 205--206
Dominikovski Gleb Georgievich. Life is transient as a shooting star. pp. 206--207
ХРОНИКА. pp. 208--212
НОВЫЕ КНИГИ. pp. 213--214
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Created with assistance of Dr. Ignatii I. Korsak
Copyright © 1998 The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
Copyright © 1995 The Institute of Geological Sciences of the NAS of Belarus
