(Межведомственный бюллетень)
Учредители Национальная академия наук Беларуси и Министерство природных ресурсов и охраны окружающей среды Республики Беларусь
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ПРИРОДНЫЕ РЕСУРСЫ (Межведомственный бюллетень) Учредители Национальная академия наук Беларуси и Министерство природных ресурсов и охраны окружающей среды Республики Беларусь |
Summary: Definition is given for coastal and water protection zones which characterises their role and purpose for aquatic objects protection, base demands for water-protection and coastal zones and their sizes are defined. Ways of pollutant migration into aquatic objects are characterised and on this basis principles of ecological model of watershed forming are formulated. It is noted that water protection and coastal zones parameters cannot be equal by length or perimeter of aquatic object, cannot be constant and be simply defined. Great role of practical engineers and other measures in setting water protection and coastal zones parameters is emphasised. Not only water quality formation at the aquatic objects through their arrival from watershed is to be taken into account but transborder pollution migration, too. The character and migration ways of pollutants and the necessity of taking info account specific features of migration some individual ways of pollution entrance in the aquatic objects are described. The role of erosion processes for aquatic objects pollution and setting up their parameters is reflected. The scheme of pollution balance forming of aquatic object is suggested. At present coastal and water protection zones size setting is carried out mainly experimentally although there are calculation methods of different factors influence on the coastal and wafer protection zones estimation. The time has come for taking into account aquatic objects and watershed overall state as well as the possibilities of localisation of different pollution sources by engineer and other measures. This task cannot be solved once and forever. If is an optimisation task.
Shevtsova N. C.
Model of Recreational Use and Estimation of Aqueous Objects of the Republic of Belarus. pp. 11--18.
Summary: This article deals with the model of recreational use and estimation of aqueous objects in the Republic of Belarus. The concept of the lake use for recreation is based on five components. They are: the character of recreational use of aqueous objects (extensive and intensive); the structure of their recreational usage (contact, non-contact and trade); the system of target criteria and indices of water area quality; complex estimate of takes for specific types of recreation. Dynamics of recreational use of the aqueous objects and the process of determination of quantity and quality indicators defining a specific type of recreation are given as a cycle. The cyclically closed nature is exhibited in interplay and feed back of its components, i.e., the structure of recreational use, monitoring of aqueous objects, the system of target criteria and indices of water area quality, the recreation suitability estimate of lakes. The structure of recreational use and the system of target criteria and indices of water area quality form the basis of the method for estimating and controlling an object. They take account of specific features of different rest types on lakes. There are contact, non-contact and trade types of rest on pools. The basis of this differentiation is the level of contact with water environment, it defines the possibility of negative effects for health. The system of target criteria and indices of pool quality is based on the principles of health safety, conservation of integrity of lake ecosystem, protection of the quality of all ecosystem components required for recreation. The system of criteria and indices defining recreational possibilities of lakes includes common (hydrophysical, organoleptic, hydrochemical, hydrobiological and climatic), special (radiological, toxicological, microbiological), individual (morphometric and lithologic), particular (specific variety of fishfauna and hydroflora) indices. Complex estimation is carried out on the basis of the established system of target indices and their threshold values. It takes into consideration the relationship between water quality and nature of medical-biological effects that can arise as a result of unsatisfactory quality. Complex estimation for the rest purposes amounts to a comparison of set values with those obtained as a result of the monitoring. The results of complex estimation wilt allow state authorities and managers of recreational activities on pools to take measures to provide safe rest and improve the state of the lake ecosystem.
Summary: The analysis of agrochemical features changes of lowland peat soils as a result of different ways of farming has been conducted on the basis of long-term observations under the field stationary conditions in the experimental farm "Budagovo" (Smolevichi District, Minsk Region). The impact of introduced semisandy ground on agrochemical parameters for the period 1983--1998 has been studied. Agrochemical parameters of cultivated soils have been estimated in comparison with similar ones on the soddy-carbonate chernozem-1ike soil which had been taken as a comparison standard as it is the most fertile natural soil in Belarus. Data have been input into the matrix where indices peculiar to cultivated soils are placed in columns and appropriate observation years are in columns. Another matrix contains similar indices for a long-term period for the natural (reference pattern) soil and looks like a line. The table of standard indices on cultivated soil has been calculated on the basis of these data. The majority of them has normal or excess values. Trends of agrochemical indices of temporal dynamics for 16 years for background experiment and variants with ground doses 1500 and 2250 t/ha have been calculated. They are described by 6-th power polynomial equation with a high grade of approximation (R2 = 1). The decrease of all indices has been marked for the variants with ground bringing, but for most of them they are higher than on the reference soil. The dispersion values were decreasing too, which shows stabilisation of agrochemical indices to the environment conditions.
Summary: According to the materials of multi-year studies (25 years), an experimental substantiation of the plantation reproduction method of wood resources has been presented and regional technologies of accelerated growing of large-size, balance and energy timber of pine, spruce and larch have been developed for the first time. A comprehensive analysis of wood biocenosis stability has been carried out from wood management, pyrogenic, wood-pathological and ecology positions. A conclusion was made that wood communities of natural regeneration do not hold the increasing anthropogenic load and do not ensure the formation of high-productive, robust and ecology effective woods, that is why in the field of wood resources reproduction the noospheric way of development is of priority. A plantation type of forest growing provides optimal combination of ecological and economical interests due to a sharp reduction of wood cutting rotation and improvement of the trees sanitary state. It promotes to complex enhancement of the stability of pine and spruce biocenosis against minor vegetation, fires, wind wave, snow-breakers, diseases, industrial emissions and mass drying of spruce, thus ensuring reduction of terms of timber growing of the required quality. The most valuable ecological quality of wood plantation is their ability of sharp forcing carbon dioxide absorption from the atmosphere. Implementation of optimal combination of ecological and economical factors in wood management is done through the basic normative document - Regulations for Wood Restoration in Belarus.
Summary: In the Republic of Belarus processing of the apatite concentrate into phosphorus acid is performed at the Gomel chemical plant by a sulfate method, after which about 80% of rare-soil elements available in the apatite concentrate transfer into phosphogypsum composition. The content of RSE in phosphogypsum is about 0.5%. That is why the only raw material for obtaining rare-soil elements in Belarus is phosphogypsum. Among the known methods of RSE extraction from phosphogypsum sulfate methods are more preferable. Experimental data on RSE extraction from phosphogypsum by its processing by mineral acids show that the main norms of the leaching process can vary widely. In optimal conditions, the rate of RSE extraction by sulfur acid is 30%, while by nitrogen acid it is 50%. The norms of technological process of RSE extraction are determined by the processing technology of acidic solutions containing rare soils. While acid processing of phoshogypsum along with RSE extraction, fluorine and phosphorus extraction takes place as a result of which their content in the washed out phosphogypsum reduces to 0.1% F and 0.5% P2O5. This allows using washed out phosphogypsum without additional purify ing for the production of bind ing materials. Rare-soil elements were extracted from acidic solutions by the precipitation method in the form of low soluble compounds by ammonia neutralization of acidic solutions. The developed method enables to obtain the initial RSE concentrate from the nitrate solutions with the RSE content of 2.7...7.5%, from the sulfate solutions -- with the RSE content of 7...20%. Lanthanides are present in the initial concentrate in the form of hydroxides, phosphates and fluorides in a mixture with calcium sulfate. In order to obtain a productive RSE concentrate, the primary 2.5...20% RSE concentrate was solved in the nitric acid and the lanthanides were obtained by extraction. The secondary concentrate contained about 90% of RSE. The offered technology can be implemented at Gomel chemical plant.
Brovka G. P., Savenok V. E.
Abnormal Oil Spill on Aqueous Objects Plated With Ice. pp. 51--59.
Summary: A mathematical model for definition of a mechanism of oil distribution under ice has been developed. The model enables to calculate thickness and velocity of oil contamination spreading under ice and can be used for estimating environmental damage. Technical methods of oil spill localisation are offered by the use of ice barriers (booms) under ice. The developed computational and technical methods enable to optimise localisation of oil contamination at aqueous objects.
Summary: The results of the program implementation are given according to the main directions of its use. In the first place, it is establishment of the environment monitoring system and a number of local and regional geoinformation systems. The variants of solving complex ecological problems are considered for some territories and natural complexes of the republic. Also, waste utilization problems from the point of preparing normative and legal basis and development of specific technologies and equipment for their processing are discussed. There are some unsolved problems among those is that of providing the national economy of the republic with different types of sorbents and reclaimers. Some data are given on the equipment available for ecological investigations, main results of the task. implementation of the block "Health and environment" and published scientific and technical information. The role of scientific and technical developments for stabilization and improvement of ecological situation in the republic is emphasized.
Voitov I. V., Gatikh M. A.
Target Function Formalization (Optimization Criteria) of Automatized Control System of Nature Management and Nature Protective Activity in Belarus Republic. pp. 66--74.
Summary: Main principles of the formalization processes methodology of administrative-management activity, strategy and constructive theory to qualitatively (optimally) control nature management and nature protective activity in the Republic of Belarus have been regarded. A formalized presentation of target assignment (function of target) of the automatized control system by nature management (ACS "Nature management"), based on three main indices: total amount of the functional tasks to be solved by structures of Ministry of nature RB, total resource expenses for projecting and exploitation of the ACS, realization efficiency of both the whole and separate functional tasks has been carried out. Restrictions are mainly due to resource expenses and obligatory realization of all functional tasks and maximum possible efficiency of management decisions. Private optimization criteria, i. e. minimization of due to the realization of separate functional tasks, minimization of total time of all tasks decision in the ACS, minimization of the decision time of multifactor tasks, synthesis of the ACS optimal structure have been proposed.
Kosov V. I., Shul'gin D. F., Maslennikov A. V.
Mathematical Modeling and Prognosis of Polluting Substances Migration in Oligotrophic Peat Deposits. pp. 75--80.
Summary: The self-purification capacity of territories covered with mires allows using them as natural treatment facilities in the first place from biogenous pollutants. Oligotrophic deposits are convex and represent self-evolving, self-control systems where peat deposition occurs both vertically -- in the form of a hat, and horizontally -- with creeping onto the neighboring blind creeks, woods and fields and adjacent mineral soils. In the paper a mathematical model of polluting substances distribution in the thickness of peat deposit has been developed taking into account their dilution with atmospheric precipitation. The computer modeling of the process of polluting substance migration in oligotrophic peat deposits has been carried out.
Shvetsov A. A.
Nature Management System: Principle Reason for Understanding and Possibility of Using. pp. 81--89.
Summary: In the article the notion of nature management system is defined as a mechanism of self-preservation and viability of person and human society, transformed and carried into the cultural area from the biological one. This mechanism provides weakening of the environment dependence. The author agrees with the thesis that natural and objective trend in biological evolution toward the appearance of intellect is the most perspective instrument of adaptation. Along with the intellect, the origin of a new quality connected with human being self-realization is noted. There is a number of principle effects, in particular: separation from nature and opposition to nature, that opens the possibility for active attitude to the surrounding world, opens transition from adaptation to purposeful transformation. Transfer of the efforts on self-preservation from the biological sphere into the cultural-social one brought into operation social-economic laws that are no less objective and implacable than the laws of nature. Based on these conclusions and on the fact that a human being is the only carrier of intellect, the relation of notion of nature management system to ecological-economic problem is defined. Nature management system is offered as a basic notion for formulation and solution of the ecological-economic problem. The priority of interests of a human being as the higher system making value is stated. The aspects of this approach correlation to other ones and the estimate of its scientific correspondence are discussed.
Khomich S. A.
Geoecological Principles of Secondary Geotechnical Systems Formation in Quarry Reservoirs. pp. 90--96.
Summary: The quarry water-reservoirs created in the place of worked out deposits of clay, sand, sand-gravel and carbonate materials are considered as secondary geotechnical systems. The principles of geoecological designing the objects of water-economy rehabilitation of post-industrial lands are stated. The principle of renaturalization of quarry-dump complexes is formulated as a basic geoecological principle. Application of the specified principle is focused on liquidation of destructive consequences of primary mining geosystems functioning and creation in their place of secondary, ecologically steady geotechnical systems adequate to natural ones. It is noted that a condition of realization of geoecological principles is the account of genetically caused features of created secondary geotechnical aqueous systems: directions and stages of development of production and functional structure of quarry reservoirs, consecutive change of condition, influence the relationship between morphometric and productivity parameters.
Lurie M. V., Vegera A. I.
Model for Calculating Hydrodynamic Processes Occurring in Underground Gas Storage in Aquifers. pp. 97--103.
Summary: Mathematical model has been worked out based on the theory of joint gas and water filtration in porous media which takes into account hydrodynamic processes occurring between gas cavity and the water pressured head system, and computing program "2D-Model" has been developed based on the above mathematical model. It describes adequately physical processes going on in a real object and can serve as a basis for calculating cyclic bi-directional processes of mutual displacement of gas and water when creating and operating cyclically underground gas storage in aquifers.
Kravchuk L. A.
Geoecological Aspects of Air Pollution Lichen Indication Mapping in Belarusian Cities. pp. 104--112.
Summary: Lichen indication is studied for atmospheric air estimation mapping on the territories of Belarusian industrial cities. For the first time lichen indication is used at two levels for the ratio evaluation of lichen indication and air pollution factors and for the subsequent pollution territory ranking. The territories of industrial centers were studied at the local level for the spacious lichen indication factors distribution. Lichen indication factors are shown at the regional level subjected to pollutants concentrations defined with tool measurements and to complex air pollution index. Transformation patterns are shown for lichen indication factors in various geoecological city conditions. A relation between lichen indication factors (total and partial cover, species number, Poleotolerance Index) and annual acid-forming pollutants concentrations (SO2, NO2, HF) has been found. There is a small connection with maximum concentrations; the connection with specific pollutants in the conditions of atmospheric and chemical load in Belarusian cities was not determined. The territory structure and dynamics of atmospheric air pollution for main industrial cities of Belarus are identified by lichen indication.
Summary: The article states that mineral resources that make up a large part of natural resources in the national park "Braslav lakes" and neighbouring areas, are diverse enough and perspective for employment, analysis of their current state is done. In the region there are ten perspective deposits of sand-gravel materials, five deposits of building sands with reserves of 2.88 and 0.54 million m3, and 10 deposits of clays total amount of which makes up 19.28 million m3. Out of 130 deposits of peat, 107 are situated in natural condition. The stocks of sapropel are promising for use as fertilizers, feed for animals and mud. Very important for health is hydrogen sufide sapropel which is found in the lakes Gluhoje, Lazenki, Gustaty. Considerable resources of surface and underground waters. There are medicinal sodium chloride mineral waters. In the national park "Braslav lakes" and its neighboring areas more than 200 lakes are located or 10% of the area of Braslav region with high quality drinking water. The optimal utilization of mineral resources and underground water needs gentle attitude and protection.
Chumakov L. S.
The Communities of Ground Beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) on The Flood Lands of Protected and Meliorated Territories of Belarus. pp. 118--125.
Summary: Investigations have been done on meadows in the flood plain of the Berezina and the Pripyat rivers. 88 species have been found. The Beetles of Amara Bon., Pterostichus Bon., Bembidion Latr. are more various. On the protected meadows in the flood plain of the Pripyat the number of ground beetles reached 45.3 specimen/m2. In land reclamation conditions it is 5 times less. Zoophags with spring reproduction are predominant on the meadows of the Polesie. The inhabitants of the open area are abundant. On the protected meadows in the flood plain of the Berezina the predominance of Carabidae that prefer damp soil is observed. The beetles of field and meadow groups are rare there. In reclamation conditions the number of ground beetles increases twice. Reclamation has a negative effect on the big Carabus beetles. On the whole, it should be mentioned that Carabidae species on the flood lands are rich in number. The beetles on the meadows of middle level in the Polesie are more numerous. Zoophags with spring reproduction are predominant on the Berezina and Pripyat flood lands, among them the species living on the surface are more abundant.
Summary: This article is devoted to conversion technology of sodium sulfite based on sodium chloride. The solubility in system Na2SO3 -- NaCl -- NH4Cl -- (NH4)2SO3 is investigated at temperatures 20 and 40 °C and in system NH4HSO3 -- NaHSO3 --NaCl -- NH4Cl at 40°C. On the basis of the graphic analysis of solubility in the specified systems the most rational variant of implementation of the conversion process for obtaining sodium sulfite is chosen and its optimal temperature mode is justified. As a result of the absorption stages research of NH3 and SO2, conversion of the solution of ammonium sulfite by sodium chloride, crystallization of a collateral product, ammonium chloride optimal technological mode of a closed cyclic process is established.
Efremov A. L., Novikova N. V.
Soil is the Locality for Alive Organysms and for Accumulations of Biogenic Resources. pp. 128--134.
Summary: Soil is an integral component of ecosystem, both in space aspect and for numerous processes of biogeochemical cycle determining its viability. Soil carries out a lot offunctions in natural biocenoses. It is a unique external environment for habitation of living organisms. The habitat is space limited combination of abiotic and biotic environment conditions, which provide the development cycles of species or populations as a whole. Soil as a physical body has specific features of structure and chemical composition. These features have developed during evolution of biosphere and soil cover. They are connected with the major function of soil that consists in life support of all representatives of soil biota. The result of this function is the productivity of soil of natural biogeocenoses. The memory of the Earth is a complex of steady properties and attributes that were framed in the process of ifs development. The function of moment is a set of most dynamical properties of soil in the period of research. Among the components of biogeocenose the soil has the most expressed ability to changes under the influence of the environment. It stores in a genetic profile a lot of information. As a result of the development of unique procedures of definition of nucleic acids in soil, the success in the study of microbiota enables to verify the opportunity of specification of nucleotide composition of DNA, the nature of microbial metabolite parentage. The genetic memory of the biogeocenose completely depends on biotope conditions and biodiversity of living organisms. The uniqueness of soil as an environment of living organisms habitat is expressed by high density of life and greatest diversity of living organisms which occupy it. The soil as heterogenous multifunctional system is a complex meso- and microenvironment for habitation of living organisms and despite favourable conditions of conservation of microbial cells can not sufficiently supply the micropopulation of soil microbiota with nutritious substances. The viability of soil microbiota is provided by microzonary pool of microbial genofond and microbial metabolites.
Rupasova Zh. A., Ignatenko V. A., Vasilevskaya T. I., Kukhareva L. V., Plenina L. V.
Features of Seasonal Accumulation of Phenol Compounds in Medicinal Material of Rough-Fruited Cinguefoil (Potentilla Recta L.) in the Conditions of Belarus. pp. 135--139.
Summary: Accumulation parameters and variation ranges of bioflavonoids content (catechins, flavonols), phenol carbon acids, tanning substances and lignins in some organs and overground phytomass of Potentilla recta L. during vegetation period when introduced in soil and climatic conditions of Belarus have been established. It has been shown that the major accumulation of most phenol compounds takes place in assimilative and generative organs with evident lability of their biochemical composition during vegetation period. The following ranges of seasonal changes of phenol compounds in overground plant phytomass (in %) have been determined: phenol carbon acids -- 0.69...1.44, bioflavonoids -- 3.58...5.12, tanning substances -- 5.4...7.7, lignins -- 13.5...19.6. Increased ability of rough-fruited cinguefoil to a wide range biosynthesis of phenol compounds enables to consider its overground phytomass as a new promising type of medicinal material. It is recommended to collect the plant as a source of bioflavonoids and tanning substances in the period of mass blossoming, of phenol-carbon acids -- at the beginning of budding and of lignins -- at the stage of seed maturation.
Autko A. A.
Investigation of Sprout Growing of Spicy and Medicinal Plants in the Conditions of Belarus. pp. 139--142.
Summary: As a result of comparative study of biometrical and bioproduction characteristics of sprouts of Origanum vulgare, Melissa officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Nepeta cafaria cultivated in open ground under ordinary conditions and in cassettes with 18 and 65 cm3 volume of cells, an evident advantage of the cassette method was detected. It does not depend on weather conditions of vegetation period and provides the highest parameters of its underground parts development.
The Institute of Geologic Sciences of NAS of Belarus is 30. pp. 146--148
Защиты диссертаций. p. 149