Новости медико-биологических наук, 2004, No.2
/ Издания академии / Научные журналы
Новости медико-биологических наук, 2004, No.2
Number 2, 2004
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
PHYSIOLOGY AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Koplik E.V., Sudakov K.V.
Effects of septal lesions on the levels of beta-endorphin and DSIP in the hypothalamus and blood in the rats subjected to emotional stress. pp. 5--12
Summary: This is a study of the effects of brain septal lesions on the resistance to emotional stress and the levels of beta-endorphin (BE) and delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) in the blood and hypothalamus of rats with different individual resistance to emotional stress.
Bilateral septal lesions were made by electrical coagulation. Emotional stress (immobilization with simultaneous electrical skin stimulation) was produced three days after an open field test. The results indicate that the medial and lateral nuclei of the septum are involved in the mechanisms of the rat's resistance to emotional stress. Bilateral lesion of the septum significantly decreased the rat's resistance to emotional stress, as indicated by changes in the open field behavior and an increased mortality of rats under acute emotional stress.
Thus, bilateral lesions of septal nuclei decreased the BE and DSIP content in the hypothalamus and blood, whereas emotional stress increased these levels. These findings are consistent with our data showing that decreases in the BE and DSIP levels indicated a decrease in resistance to emotional stress.
Gaikovich Yu.V., Gourine V. N.
Core temperature changes during central adenosine A1 receptor agonist 2-chloroadenosine injections in rats exposed to low temperature. pp. 13--15
Summary: The objective of the present work was to determine the effect of the adenosine A1 receptor agonist 2-chloroadenosine (CADO) applied to the third brain ventricle (25 µg) on core temperature of rats exposed to low temperatures. The results of this investigation indicate that in cold conditions CADO decreased deep body temperature in rats. Adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline administration Vicv 5 min before the agonist injection had no significant action on core temperature of experimental animals. Thus, it may be suggested that adenosine mediates its effects on core temperature through activation of central adenosine receptors.
Nichelmann M.
Activation of thermoregulatory control elements in precocial birds during the prenatal Period. pp. 16--33
Summary: Using a methodology of estimating the function of different control elements and body functions in precocial avian embryos like oxygen consumption, movements of the respiratory muscles, peripheral blood flow in the chorioallantoic membrane, calculation of Qio of the embryonic heat production, blood pressure, heart rate, as well as acoustic stimulation of the heart rate, oxygen consumption, heart rate, respiratory rate, panting reactions, chorioallantoic blood flow, development of endothermic reactions, thermosensitivity of hypothalamic neurones, functional development of the autonomic nervous system and chronological development of hearing in bird embryos were determined. Some general conclusions are discussed:
(1) During the ontogeny the adaptive body functions become necessary for the immediate survival of the organism.
(2) The development of physiological control systems starts with non-coordinated and proximately (immediately) non-adaptive reactions. It was shown that in chicken embryos, heart rate irregularities appear on day 13 - 14. Spontaneous decelerations and accelerations of short duration occur frequently, particularly during the late stages of incubation, and are caused by changes in the activation of the autonomic nervous system. Obviously, these irregularities do not a play proximate adaptive role but may be necessary for the maturation and control of the cardiovascular system.
(3) Besides the genetically determined adaptation of the organism to the environment epigenetic adaptation processes may take place. The epigenetic adaptation is an adaptation to an expected environment. It is innate but not fixed genetically and is caused mainly by changes in the gene expression. The life history influences the reaction of the organism to an actual situation, mostly via epigenetic mechanisms. Obviously, the peculiarity of epigenetic adaptation is that this process can only occur during early pre- or postnatal ontogeny in short-lasting sensible phases. In such time windows, control systems like the thermo-regulatory system might be lifelong determined or imprinted by various internal and/or external (epigenetic) factors. The determination may occur in behavioural as well as in physiological and biochemical functions. The determination of the arginine-vasotocin-system, growth rate, determination of blood glucose level, male homosexuality, and some behavioural processes (imprinting) in chicken are given as examples.
Soltanov V.V., Halavach M.V.
Activation of afferent and efferent fibers of mesenteric nerves, induced by injection of adenosine into the jejunum. pp. 34--38
Summary: In acute experiements on white rats (thiopental sodium anesthesia, 70 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), it was found that adenosine injected into the jejunum produced a long (1.5 h and more) intensification of afferent and reflex-sympathetic efferent activity in intestinal nerves. The same effects, but short-term (15-20 min), were observed after applying adenosine on the mesentery of the small intestine.
Bigdai E.V.
The olfactory reception of substances with qualitatively different odors is provided by heterogenous biophysical mechanisms. pp. 39--49
Summary: In experiments on isolated olfactory lining in the frog Rana temporaria with the use of intravital luminescence microscopy, intravital TV- microscopy and electroolfactography, it was shown that receptor processes providing the reception of amyl spirit, camphor, cineol, amyl acetate, and vanilin (group I odorants) involve different signal systems. Intracellular signal mediators are not involved in the olfactory reception of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide (group II odorants). The group I odorants activate cell respiration, acting on mitochondria via calcium ions. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide inhibit the activity of respiratory chain and mitochondria, acting directly on the electron transport chain. Heterogeneity manifested itself in changes in the motion of olfactory cilia under the influence of different odorants.
Barghi E.
Gamma-reflex activity on caudal muscle spindle during pinna reflex, stretches and stimulated EMG in the anaesthetized rats. pp. 50--55
Summary: A result in this study was that, when either the dynamic action or tonic stretches were applied to spindle caudal base spindles, the la-fiber revealed strong action potentials which continued as time passed. And in this condition, both gd- and gs-fibers must have been responsible for la-activity and the activation of group II-afferents that was shown but with inconsistent actions. Actually, both stretches would be appropriate for keeping the balance of body at any normal position.
Mardas D.K.
Influence of low temperature on the activity of proteinase inhibitors and concentration of corticosterone and thyroid hormones in blood of rats. pp. 56--61
Summary: Experiments on rats showed that cold exposure led to an increase in the activity of the proteinase inhibitors alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin and in the concentration of corticosterone, triiodothyronine and thyroxine. An enhanced activity of these systemic regulators under cold stress may be a manifestation of an integrative response aimed at stabilizing homeostasis.
NEUROMORPHOLOGY AND NEUROCHEMISTRY
Zimatkin S.M., Kuznetsova V.B.
Histochemical peculiarities of histaminergic neurons in the rat hypothalamus. pp. 62--66
Summary: It was found that type B MAO activity is a good marker of histaminergic neurons and, thus, histaminergic groups E1-E5 in the rat hypothalamus. In general, the neurons of the histaminergic groups significantly differ from the neurons of the dopaminergic arcuate nucleus by their oxidative metabolism. In the former, the succinate, lactate, and NADPH dehydrogenase activities were higher, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was lower. The population of histaminergic neurons was heterogeneous in their metabolic activity. Those processes0 were most active in neurons of histaminergic group E3 and, especially, E2 and less active in neurons E4 and E5. This implies considerable peculiarities of oxidative metabolism and metabolic heterogeneity of histaminergic neurons in the rat brain.
Archakova L. I., Tur G. E., Novakovskaya S. A.
The ultrastructure of interstitial Cajal cells and their relations with the enteral nervous system of the human large intestine. pp. 67--69
Summary: The fine structure of interstitial Cajal cells localised in tela submucosa and muscular layer of the human large intestine was studied with electron microscopy. Cajal cells showed an underdifferentiated cytoplasm, a limited number of organelles and long thin processes running among nervous structures of the submucosal and intermuscular nerve plexuses. The existence of contacts between Cajal cells and nerve elements of intestinal intramural plexuses is a morphological basis of a hypothesis that Cajal cells are pacemaker units forming the conduction system in the gut wall. It is concluded that the maintenance of the integrity of the Cajal cell system is important for the recovery of intestinal peristalsis after surgical interventions.
BIOCHEMISTRY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY
Makarchikov A.F., Bettendorff L.
A study of the quantitative content of thiamine triphosphate in different biological objects by high-performance liquid chromatography. pp. 70--76
Summary: A comparative study of thiamine and its phosphate esters content in biological objects by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) to be present in various groups of organisms - from bacteria to mammals. The ThTP occurrence is not restricted to a particular living form viewing the cell organization or nutrition mode, as well as any other characters that are used commonly to classify the diversity of life on Earth. Unlike the early concept ascribing to ThTP a specific function in excitable tissues, our results favor the hypothesis that ThTP is an ancient compound which plays a fundamental, not yet recognized, role in living cells.
Popov Y.V., Buko V.U.
Effect of androgens on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in rats kept on atherogenic diet. pp. 77--80
Summary: Effects of testosterone and its derivatives, dihydrotestosterone and mesterolone, on the parameters of cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism were studied in rats daily administered during 5 weeks with an atherogenic mixture (cholesterol, 215 mg/ml; sodium cholate, 43 mg/ml; and thiouracil, 21.5 mg/ml) in dosage 1 g cholesterol/kg b.w. The results suggest that all compounds developed hypocholesterolemic effect, affected the lipoprotein composition and normalized the index of atherogenity in the sequence: testosterone > dihidrotestosterone > mesterolone.
Gorbunova N. B., Nikandrov V. N.
Role of a2-macroglobulin in the nervous system. pp. 81--91
Summary: Data on the structure of a2 - macroglobulin (a2M), its interaction with proteases, silalling receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor-relateol protein, biosinthesis and secretion by the nervous tissue elements are analyzed. The involvement of a2M system in the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and severe craniocerebral injury is suggested. Changes in the protein levels during Alzheimer's disease, lateral amyotrophic sclerosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and severe craniocerebral injury are important in theoretical terms and in prospect for practical medicine.
Zavodnik L.B., Sudnikovich E.Y., Zabrodskaya S.V., Rudyak T.V., Maksimchik Y.Z., Zavodnik I.B.
Modification of glutathione/glutathione peroxidase system by hypochlorous acid in mammalian cells. pp. 92--95
Summary: It has been demonstrated that hypochlorous acid effectively oxidized intracellular glutathione in mammalian cells. The ratio [HOCl]/[GSH] was equal 4. Simultaneously, HOCl induced changes in the glutathione peroxidase activity, i.e. an increase in human erythrocytes and inhibition in rat liver. Thus, hypochlorous acid modifies the intracellular glutathione/glutathione peroxidase system in mammalian cells.
Pronko S.P., Zimatkin S.M., Pronko P.S.
The contribution of catalase and cytochrome P450 2E1 to ethanol metabolism in the brain of rats with different sensitivity to alcohol. pp. 96--99
Summary: Activity of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism and contribution of catalase and cytochrome P450 2E1 to ethanol metabolism in brain tissue of rat lines differing in sensitivity to the hypnotic effect of ethanol (high alcohol sensitive, HAS, and low alcohol sensitive, LAS) were investigated. There was a higher ethanol breakdown in the brain of HAS rats, as compared to LAS rats, which may be caused by a higher activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 in their brains. The data confirm a significant role of catalase and cytochrome P450 2E1 (in HAS rats) in ethanol metabolism in brain tissue.
PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
Lukivskaya O.Y., Lis R.E. Buko V.U.
Effect of nitric oxide on changes in the liver of rats with chronic hepatitis induced by dimethylnitrosamine. pp. 100--103
Summary: Effects of the nitric oxide (NO) donor NaNO2 and the NO synthase inhibitor Nw-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) on the development of dimethylnitros amine (DMNA)-induced chronic hepatitis in rats were studied. The results of morphological and biochemical studies suggest that L-NNA increased DMNA-induced liver damage, whereas NaNO2 partially prevented the development of chronic hepatitis. It is suggested that the opposite effects of L-NNA and NaNO2 are due to modulation of free radical-dependent processes in the liver.
Banetskaya N.V., Gaidukevitch E.G. †, Krasnova L.A.
Effect of a selenium-containing compound, applied in embryogenesis, on the structure of testicular sex cells of radiation-exposed rat brood. pp. 104--109
Summary: Radiomodifying properties of a compound containing sodium selenite and alpha-tocopherol acetate, applied in the first ten days of gestation, in conditions of prolonged radiation of animals in a dose 1 Gy during prenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis, were studied by morphological and cytogenetical changes in testicular sex cells of postnatal brood of different ages (30 and 180 days). The compound decreased the occurrence of reciprocal translocations of chromosomes but did not reduce radiation-induced morphological injuries in sex cells of immature males. In adults, an increased occurrence of sex cells with aberrations persisted. Mutagenic and, to a certain extent, toxic actions of the compound on testicular sex cells of non-radiated offspring were found. Thus, the selenium-containing compound applied in the first half of gestation is ineffective for preventing radiation damage in antenatal and early postnatal rats.
BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES
Bushmakina I.M., Matus V.K. †, Martinova M.A., Golenko N.S., Nikolskaya V.P., Konev S.V.
Formation of liposomal rifampicin with the use of natural phospholipids of different origin. pp. 110--114
Summary: Efficiency of incorporation of rifampicin, an antibiotic of wide spectrum of action, into liposomes and their size distribution, with the use of phospholipids of different natural origin, was studied. The level of incorporation depended on the degree of phospholipids purification, lipid concentration, and initial antibiotic concentration. The size distribution of liposomal rifampicin, when phospholipids from sunflower, soy-bean and egg lecithin were used, was determined,
MEDICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL GENETICS
Bekish V.J.
Ways of protection of the host genome at experimental trichinellosis. pp. 115--121
Summary: It was found that in the therapy of moderate trichinellosis with migrative and incapsulate larvae it is expedient to use mebendazole or albendazole in combination with indomethacin or bemitile and a complex of antioxidant vitamins with Se to prevent cytogenetic injuries of somatic and generative cells of the host, as well as to normalize spermatogenesis. The best results were obtained with albendazole together with bemitile and antioxidant vitamins with Se. The maximal trichinellocide effect was reached with mebendazole and indomethacin or bemitile and the vitamin complex.
Kraskovsky G.V., Manina E. J., Pashatskaya T.V., Rosetskaya S.D.
Effect of an association of immunizing factors oncotolerogen and adjuvant on ascitic Erlich carcinoma growth in mice. pp. 122--126
Summary: Association of the factors: oncotolerogen of Erlich ascitic carcinoma (EAC) (immune complexes + tumor-fluid (s)-specific complex of free antigens -- ascitic liquid of tumor-carriers, free of tumor cells, serum or tissue fluids ) + adjuvant (bovine serum albumin, heterogenous for mice) renders antioncotolerogen activity, acts as antioncotolerogen under immunization of the EAC-carrier, induces immunological response, directed against oncotolerogen (cancer anergy) in a tumor-carrier organism, leads to inhibition of tumor growth (increase of lifetime by 39.73 %, P < 0.05).
REVIEWS
Titovets E.P., Stepanova T.S.
Conceptual mathematical model for convective mechanism of brain cortex oxygenation. pp. 127--134
Summary: The orthodox diffusion mechanism of brain cortex oxygenation is reviewed in the light of the latest experimental observations. Data are given that are difficult to explain within the framework of the diffusion mechanism. As an alternative, a conceptual mathematical model for a convective mechanism of brain cortex oxygenation has been developed. In this model, oxygen mass transfer is viewed as coupled to the interstitial water transport, with aquaporins playing an important role in maintaining high water mass transfer rates and organising vectorial microflows of water. Oxygen transport is realized through a limited volume of water oscillating between the capillary lumen and the interstitium. A numerical solution of the model is given to demonstrate its validity.
Matukhin V.A., Razumov A.N.
Some possibilities of evaluation of radiation contacts and dose exposures in biomedical and ecological studies. pp. 135--145
Summary: The paper describes some techniques of radionuclide bioindication and biodosimetry in assessment of radiation contacts of man and investigation of ecological situation on the territories with unfavorable radiation environment, including situations of postradiation accidents. Different test systems of the whole organism and possible markers of radiation exposures of animal and plant origin are considered.
CHRONICLE
Mironova G.P.
Proc. "Conf. Problems of integration of functions in physiology and medicine and Satellite Symp. Thermoregulation in Biology and Medicine". Minsk, 15-16 June, 2004 (The Centenary of the Nobel Prize award to I.P. Pavlov). pp. 146--147
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