The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus carries out its activities through subordinated Scientific Institutes, Thematic Divisions, Scientific and Engineering Centers, Central Botanical Gardens, Scientific Libraries and Museums. Apart the research institutions there are also the Central Design Bureau with Pilot Production, Engineering or Scientific-Engineering Enterprises, Special Design Bureaus, Pilot Productions, Small and Joint Ventures providing realization of the research and technological achievements of the Academy's scientists.

Besides, the Academy relies on the scientific activities of individual members of NASB working in other institutions and organizations of the Republic of Belarus.