Natural Resources, 2002, No.1

PRIRODNYE RESURSY (Natural Resources) Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Number 1; 2002

CONTENTS

Land Resources

Summary: The results of two-year studies of the influence of fertilizer and biological nitrogen application practices on the specific character and structural changes of the microbe complex of the sward-podzolic soil while growing the blue lupine are given. A presowing treatment of the seeds with sapronit stimulated propagation of oligonitrophyllous microorganisms: on the average, their number in the rysosphere of lupine grown under band application of phosphorous-potassium fertilizers increased 2.3 times, while under broadcasting application of P40K60 it rose 2,75 times compared with the controlled one.Predecessor crops and feeding conditions influence the celluloselytic activity, which is the main chain in the microbiological activity. Under the band application of the basic fertilizer (compared with the broadcasting application) the use of the bacteria preparations raise cellulose-decomposing microorganisms up to 5 % during the vegetation period. According to the influence of different feeding conditions on the cellulose-decomposition ability of the soil the experiment variants of the blue lupine considering the aftereffect of the predecessor crop are in the following sequence: band application of the basic fertilizer > bacterial preparation application previous crop. The evaluation of the complex biological activity and productivity of lupine showed that higher level of the soil biological activity correlates to higher productivity.

Climatic Resources

Summary: To study the anthropogenic dynamics of A of geocomplexes in Belarusian Polesie a large body of literature was studied and the catalogue of A dominant litters was made. By interpretation of thematic maps and remote survey photos landscape cartographic basis for calculation of reflective capability of geocomplexes at different temporal cuts was prepared. The dynamics of A of litters in the south of Belarus during 135 years was traced as well as its correlation with the temperature regime. As a result, it was stated that technogenesis influences the reflective capability of litters through the transformation of the structure of forests and arable lands. The influence of melioration on A at various stages is different and it is performed mainly by the reduction of forest and arable land area and the reduction of soil moisture. The value of A changes of litter in southern Belarus makes up 1...2 %. That is why it is impossible to use photographic photometry for studying A anthropogenic dynamics. In this aspect remote survey photos can be used for building highly accurate models of landscape structure of the territory and comparative evaluation of the bright characteristics of the geosystems. Oscillations of A with small variations are not the crucial factor of the temperature regime of the territories, although the degree of correlation between these indices is high and of probable character.

Water Resources

Summary: The article gives the results of research of application limits of analytical dependencies for calculation of river runoff reduction at ground water abstraction from one-layer aquifer for basic calculation schemes in a plan: half-limited aquifer, aquifer-quadrant, aquifer-strip, aquifer-half stripe and aquifer-rectangular. The method of research was based on estimation of absolute (the 1st method) and relative (the 2nd method) error of runoff reduction estimation at the abstraction of ground water for different schemes. The first method does not take into account rivers with the runoff reduction factor less than 0,1. The second method changes more complicated calculation scheme for a simpler one if the absolute in the runoff reduction factor estimation does not exceed 10%. The authors give the research results on application of the river runoff reduction factor analytical estimation at ground water abstraction from one-layer aquifer for basic calculation schemes in a plan: half-limited aquifer, aquifer-quadrant, aquifer-half strip, aquifer-rectangular. The calculation experiments resulted in a series of graphs of the criterion type. The research carried out by the authors enabled to define application fields of existing solutions and stability of basic calculation schemes depending on seepage and capacity qualities of aquifers, conditions of interrelation in ground and surface water, inter-river distance, distance of water intake from rivers and degradation of water abstraction.

Biological Resources

Summary: In article the detailed geobotanical characteristic of wood sorrel oak forests of Belarus is given. Within the framework of the most frequently meeting associations of an wood sorrel oak forest allocated the structure and phytocenotic structure which are formed with an English oak in northern, central and southern geobotanical subzones are determined. It is shown, that in conditions of considered type of a wood the English oak forms mixed, well close, productive with clearly expressed layering forest stands. Bottom plate of vegetation are well advanced. In an underbrush meets up to 20 kinds, in separate associations the underbrush forms a close layer. In a regrowth the maple and an oak prevail. In living soil-cover the greatest distribution and the best interest of participation have received the medium requiring to humidity of ground and requiring to its fertility plants. As a whole in ground vegetation it is totaled 77 kinds of plants. Tables of efficiency of modal forest stands describing a modern condition of wood sorrel oak forests are made. Since 20 ages, in each 10 years the share of participation of an English oak and other accompanying breeds in structure of forest stands is established. Reduction of a degree of domination of an English oak in structure of forest stands is shown in process of progress from the south on north republics. The analysis of growth and development of forest stands is spent and the reasons which have resulted in incomplete use of potential fertility of soil in places of growth wood sorrel oak forests are specified.

E. V. Kiselyova
RING-WIDTH CHRONOLOGY OF SPRUCE AS A CHRONICLE OF BELARUSIAN POLESIE NATURE. pp. 37-48

Summary: To study tree-ring growth variation of spruce on the territory of Belarusian Polesie, 151 dendrochronologies aged from 60 to 215 were used. The republican nature reserves "Mednyansky elnick" (Brest forestry) and "Gorbovichsky elnick" (Kalinkovichy forestry) were taken as test sites, as well as island spruce forests in Svetlogorsky and Oktyabrsky forestries. Picea abies (L.) Karst., subsp. acuminata occupies the edaphotop with the same mountain podzolic soil as it does in the coniferous zone in Carpathes. The tree-ring growth variation of spruce reflects the dynamics of Belarusian Polesie natural conditions: harsh winters, unprecedented summer droughts and forest fires during the intercenturial stage of the alpine glaciers advance (Fernau stage) in the mountains of Europe in 1773-1850; damp climate and increase of the region watering till the 1940s; precipitation decrease in the second part of the 20th century and climate warming in the last quarter of the 20th century. The improvement of forest growth conditions for spruce is connected to the decrease of watering of the edaphotop as a result of precipitation decrease or drainage. Thus, spruce sensitivity to environmental factors increases, as well as the amplitude of tree ring-width index variation.

Nature Management

Summary: At present there are different approaches to geochemical mapping of territories. However, maps of 1:200000 scale have common data insufficiently related with landscape-geochemical, geomorphological and facial conditions. The authors propose to use nature-territorial complexes and their geochemical indication by the method of N. N. Petukhova, Ja.I.Anoshko and S. L. Romanov (1998) as a basis for ecogeochemical mapping. A system of facial conditions of sedimentogenese and soil-formation is introduced for its developing and making detailed maps. This permitted to investigate not only floodplains and hollows but also deluvial-, proluvial-trains, to delimit places of accumulation, transition and subtraction of pollution, to connect processes and products of different types of drains and river valley. For river floodplains facies are given: river bed, inshore floodplain, central floodplain with low and high levels of relief, nearterrace (flange) floodplain, oxbow-lakes and secondary basins ones; for old run-off hollows-slope, central-bottom and channel, as well as deluvial washdown, floodplain and others facies. On the topographic basis of 1:25000 scale the following maps have been made: landscape-geochemical with reflection of nature-territorial complexes and their geochemical indices. Above mentioned facial conditions have been shown with regard to geomorphological, plant and soil features of the territories, regularities of floor- and relief-forming processes of drains and flood waters. Ecogeochemical ones with reflection of chemical elements content, radioactivity or other pollution including an integral index indicating the relations of different trends of elements: reinforcing negative ecological conditions or compensating them; geochemical barriers with reflection of their landscape or local species. This set of maps complex enables to realize detailed ecogeochemical zoning and estimation of the environment conditions.

L. S. Lis
ASSESSMENT OF BOG ECOSYSTEMS ROLE FOR STABILIZATION OF THE TERRITORIES ECOLOGICAL STATE . pp. 61-68

Summary: The paper considers the biospheric role of bog ecosystems displayed while performing some biospheric functions: hydrological, resource, environment-cleaning, climate-regulating and cultural-recreational. It is suggested that the assessment of biospheric significance of bog masses should be done regarding the realization level of the whole set of these functions. To characterize bog ecosystems, an adopted peat deposits classification on target funds has been used. It is known that nature protective, reserve and non-used funds of peat deposits in full extent fulfill all the listed functions in biosphere. The land fund partially loses these functions completely, and partially makes it in a reduced form. In the fund under development the biospheric functions named are being completely lost, moreover, peat-mining fields become additional pollution sources. On the basis of the assessments of the number of mentioned functions and their reduction, a coefficients of their biospheric significance has been developed for each of the target funds considered. The same method alike has been applied to substantiate their significance coefficient. These coefficients have been used to calculate territories (areas) referred to nature-ecological potential as an indicator of ecological state of the territorial complexes assessed.

N. V. Molokova, I. G. Tanovitsky
STABILIZATION OF ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF SOLON AND SOLYANKA RIVERS FLOOD-LANDS. pp. 69-73

Summary: The district Stary Dorogy is in the area of intensive economic development of grounds where 63,3 % of peat deposits are transformed to various degrees. It is established, that more than 50 % of the area of peat deposits Lipnitsky Bor and Solyanka located in the Solon and Solyanka rivers flood-lands are drained and used for agricultural purposes without observance of nature protection measures. The development of flood-lands of these rivers has negatively affected water regime of the territory, biodiversity of vegetation and fauna was reduced, there was a number of negative consequences. Their further development will considerably affect water content of the rivers and ecological conditions as a whole. For stabilization of ecological conditions in flood-lands of the Solon and Solyanka rivers which are in natural condition it is offered to create a nature reserve that will suspend further transformation of the landscape. Its creation will lead to conservation of the unique flood-plain landscape, stabilization of water regime of the rivers, conservation of vegetation and fauna biodiversity, conservation of basic biosphere functions inherent to marsh ecosystem. Besides, this territory will carry out recreational functions as it is located near the town of Stary Dorogi. With the purpose of definition of the territory intended for the nature reserve a scientific substantiation of its creation and nature protection regulations have been developed.

Protected Territories

Summary: Results of the study of water invertebrates of the lake Moskovitsa (Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve) are systematized. 131 species of plankton and benthic animals were identified. The dominating species are: Viviparus contectus (MULL.); Helobdella stagnalis (L.); Stylaria lacustris (L.); Hydrodroma sp.; Pirata piraticus (CLERCK); Cloeon dipterum (L.); Coenagrion pulchellum (V.D.LINDEN); Tricholeochiton fagesii (GUINARD); Notonecta glauca L.; Gyrinus substriatus STEPH.; Chironomus sp.; fissa (GOSSE); Microcyclops bicolor (SARS) and Chydorus sphaericus (O.F.MULLER). Among animals mentioned the most important is Lathonura rectirostris (O.F.MULLER). It is from the Golarctik habitat area rare bottom species of Cladocera. The structure of water animal communities is formed under the natural environmental conditions. Further investigations will improve the list of water invertebrate habitants in the lake and the knowledge of their spreading in adjacent water bodies as well. Scientific description of the lake Moskovitsa was performed for the first time. This study has shown the unique character of the natural complex of the lake region where favourable conditions for protection of fauna and flora diversity of the Belarussian Lake Country remained intact.

A. M. Voitovich, V. Yu. Afonin
RADIOECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF SMALL VERTEBRATES FROM RESERVES AND ARABLE LANDS. pp. 79-87

Summary: The radioecological monitoring of small vertebrates (frogs and mice) from wild populations was performed. The animals were caught in the heavily radiocontaminated area of Polessky Radioecological Reserve, Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve and arable lands. Animals from more radiocontaminated areas displayed the highest ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr accumulation, especially in the first years after the Chernobyl disaster. The radionuclide concentration (¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr and ^239,240Pu) in frogs in the vicinity of Cherikov (Mogilyov region) is characteristic of water soluble forms of radionuclides. The short-time tendency to concentration of .(-.emitted radionuclides was revealed in frogs in the areas of Berezinsky Reserve and in Minsk district. Incorporated ¹³⁷Cs was the main internal dose-forming factor for animals. Contribution of ⁹⁰Sr to the absorbed dose was significant in frogs till 1990. The next generations did not have such a high level of ⁹⁰Sr accumulation. The ¹³⁷Cs accumulation in rodents was the highest in 1990 and then dropped. The ⁹⁰Sr accumulation in bank voles was stable with slow tendency to growth. In the territory of Polesky Reserve in 1991 the hot particles were registered in mice lungs and ²³⁹Pu was observed in liver. In 10...15 year after Chernobyl disaster the highest ¹³⁷Cs content was registered in frogs and mice from more contaminated with radiation sites in Polessky Reserve. In recent years the osteotropic radionuclides form the main dose-forming factor.

S. E. Golovaty, N. D. Volkova, S. V. Savchenko, P. F. Zhigarev
BIOGEOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF AGROECOSYSTEM PRESENT STATE IN BELARUS. pp. 88-96

Summary: The contamination of soil agroecosystems by heavy metals recently is a serious problem for Belarus. It puts a question about estimation of heavy metal contents in vegetation products grown in these territories and the possibility of geochemical anomalies here. The investigations of trace element contamination of agricultural soils and plants of Belarus were conducted around large industrial cities, on floodplain meadows and pastures in affect zone of large cities and in components of agroecosystems disposed along roads. The total content of Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb in soils and plants was analysed by the atomic-absorption method and using atomic-emission spectrometry. For floodplain soils and soils taken along roads additional heavy metal mobile compounds were identified by 1M HCl extraction with an atomic-absorption ending. As a result of these investigations, it was established that in agroecosystems of big cities such as Minsk, Mogilyov and Gomel there exist polyelement anomalies. The content of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni in soil and in long-term, one-year and bean grass is higher than the average background values and in some cases they exceed the established standards for soils and plants. Metal accumulation in plants has more uniform character than in soil. Cd and Pb display the greatest biogeochemical activity. Their content in plants around investigated cities is close to established levels and locally exceeds restrictions to foodstuff used for manufacturing products for children nutrition. At present floodplain agroecosystems present an ecological problem. The content of Cr, Zn, Pb in soil is higher than the background level and the established standards. It results in significant accumulation of these metals in plants that are higher than standards adopted for products intended for children nutrition. The anomalous high contents of Ni and Cu in soil do not result in accumulation of these metals by plants. In agroecosystems disposed along roads contamination of soil and plants is not registered. However, intensive accumulation of heavy metals in them testifies that the autotransport is a serious source of heavy metal emission, in particular, Pb.

N. G. Kordiyako, S. G. Serapin
THE APHYLLOPHORALES FUNGI IN THE MICOFLORA OF THE PARKS ZON OF BELARUS. pp. 97-102

Summary: Parks are considered to be centres of the species and forms variability of wood trees. Many of them are samples of garden-park art and have landscape-architectural meaning, historical value. Along with ornamental significance of plants, biological resistibility of park trees in different ecological conditions is also very important. The purpose of our inverstigation is damaged species and forms in the conditions of the city. The aim of the investigation are damaged wod trees of parks that are least of all affected by wood destruction fungi. The biota of the aphyllophorales fungi has specific features. They are related with the climatic conditions, flora of trees, substratum, other abiotic and antropogenic factors. Such features enable to state: 1) the species composition of aphyllophorales fungi in parks of big cites decreased, however, the quantity of species with di- and trimitical hyphal sistems increased. 2) specific feature of aphyllophorales fungi introduction into trees depends on the age of trees, the conditions of climate; 3) the following tree species: aspen, hornbeam, chestnut, bird-cherry, rowan, pine, silver fir are found to be most resistant to wood destruction caused by aphyllophorales. 4) the reduction of species of aphyllophorales fungi from southern to northern agroclimatic region is marked. 5)the following types of aphyllophorales fungi can be used for mycological monitoring: Bjerkandera adusta, Coriolopsis trogii, Ganoderma lipsiense, Phellinus igniarius, Phellinus tuberculosus, Fomes fomentarius.

Scientific Communications

Summary: The radionuclides distribution in forest and agricultural soils depends on soil structure, hydromorphity and hydrological features, in combination with root distribution, caesium mobility and characteristics. The interaction between ¹³⁷Cs, soil matrix and root distribution is important for radionuclide transfer processes assessment. The study of radionuclides distribution is necessary for plant root uptake estimating and dose rate evaluating. Migration of ¹³⁷Cs and its forms in soil can be indicated by flow patterns in soil. A field experiment was carried out on tilled agricultural and forest soils in the South of Belarus affected by the Chernobyl accident. The distinction in accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs in preferential flow and matrix zones was determined. Brilliant Blue FCF was used to dye flow lines and to determine the activity of Chernobyl ¹³⁷Cs (deposited in April 1986) as a function of dye presence and absence.

I. Yu. Zakharov, I. M. Garanovich, Zh. A. Rupasova, V. M. Mazhul
THE USE OF RISOGENESIS STIMULATORS ON THE BASIS OF FILM-FORMING POLYMER IN VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION OF LEMON. pp. 108-112

Summary: The results are given of testing a new way of rooting process stimulation of Meyer lemon cuttings. The cuttings were preliminary treated by solutions of biologically active substances (indolylacetic, succine, paraaminobenzoic and tartaric acids, hydro- and oxygumates, quercetin, esculetin and microelements) in different doses and combinations on the basis of film-forming polymer Na-carboxymethylcellulose. It is shown that 3 months after the beginning of the experiment the use of succine acid (0,01 %), quercetin (0,01 %) and also indolylacetic acid proved

S. P. Kukresh, S. F. Khodyankova
REGULATORS OF GROWTH ARE EFFECTIVE MEANS FOR INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF LONG-FIBER FLAX. pp. 113-118

Summary: In the article the results of growth regulators influence on laying down, productivity and quality of long-fiber flax are adducted. High effectiveness of usage of Kvartazin in dose 200 g/ha as well as its complex usage together with Kampozan M in half - doses was established.