Natural Resources, 2003, No.3

PRIRODNYE RESURSY (Natural Resources) Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Number 3; 2003

CONTENTS

Climatic Resources

Summary: Among numerous natural and anthropogenic factors, wildfires have the most negative environmental effects on the state and dynamics of the development of forest biogeocenosis and inflict material and ecological damage. At the same time, wildfires serve as an important natural mechanism which has the most pronounced effect on the magnitude and duration of carbon balance change in the ground layer of the atmosphere associated with long-term oxygen regenerative processes in forest ecosystems compensating fire and post-fire emissions. The paper gives an estimate of carbon emission from forest fires in Belarus on the basis of data on forest fire areas, wildfire types and rates, mass of combustible forest debris, chemical composition of forest debris, post-fire mortality, duration of the processes of destruction, mineralization and reforestation of burnt areas. It has been found that the total annual carbon emission caused by forest fires and associated with combustion of organic materials (fire emissions) and biological destruction and mineralization of post-fire woody plants mortality (post-fire emissions) makes up about 90 000 tons.

J. A. Dmitrenkova
IMPACT OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON FARMING CROPS PRODUCTIVITY IN MINSK REGION. pp. 12-21

Summary: Dynamics of main farming crops productivity for 1960 to 2001 has been analyzed: winter wheat, winter rye, spring barley, oats, sugar beet, flax and corn as a silage. A regression analysis to establish links of crops productivity with meteorological indices (average monthly air temperature and average monthly precipitation amount) and to construction linear models has been carried out. Using the factor analysis, the factor loads and the correlation coefficients between the studied variables have been derived. Basic factors to explain the dispersion of variables have been singled out and characterized qualitatively. The regression results showed the winter wheat productivity to be depended on February-March temperature, and winter rye - that of January-March. This index is also influenced by August precipitation amount. For spring crops productivity (oats, barley) and flax, the link between June temperature and August precipitation level has well been expressed. The corn productivity depends on the character of wetting in August. The factor analysis made it possible to reveal in January-March 3 complex factors: "corn-", beet-" and "potato-like". Each factor is an aggregate of temperature and moisture conditions, which are most linked to a definite crop productivity. The name is given conditionally regarding a crop name. Four factors have been singled out in April: "corn-", "beet-", "potato-like" and "precipitation factor". Same factors are characteristic features of summer months. Within September to December period two factors have been specified: a "precipitation factor" and a "winter crops" factor. Orientation of each factor effect on various crops productivity has been considered.

Water Resources

Summary: The basis of rational use of water resources is first of all their estimation and control over the use and consumption. Dynamics and forecasting of specific water-retaining capacity is also actual. Its tendencies characterize changes of efficiency of economy in many respects. The analysis of dynamics of specific water consumption of Belarus allows to determine characteristic stages of water consumption and give an estimate of technology profitability of water use for the near future, and also to estimate of anthropogenic influence on water resources. The analysis of dynamics of specific water consumption has shown that the increase in specific water consumption was observed till 1995. It is the consequence of faster decrease in macroeconomic parameters in comparison with recession of water consumption. The second half of the 1990's is characterized by steady decrease in specific water consumption caused by some stabilization in economy, introduction of new technologies enabling to save natural resources. In the dynamics of specific water consumption for drinking needs two periods were isolated. Some stabilization was observed till 1995, and the value of specific water consumption was within the limits of 185...190 l/day/person, since 1995 specific water consumption has grown and achieved the value of 218 l/day/person in 2001. It is connected, first of all, to extremely low price for water. Change in the dynamics of discharge is similar to changes of water consumption. Deterioration of "know-how" and increase in specific water-retaining capacity has resulted at the beginning of the 90's in the increase in specific water removal. Principal reasons of specific water consumption change are the following: change of water-retaining capacity of some enterprises, growth (decrease) in the share of water-capacious industries, uneconomical use of water for drinking needs, variability of meteorological conditions, etc. Definition of each factor influence requires additional analysis and specification of the role of the national economy in the structure of water consumption, estimation of existential changes of water consumption, investigation of dynamics of irrevocable consumption of water, definition of tendencies in specific pollution of water resources.

S. A. Dubianok
INFORMATION MONITORING SYSTEM ON DISCHARGE OF WASTES. pp. 31-37

Summary: The solution of numerous water-ecological problems is based on the information on the capacity of sewage and the quality of these mixtures. This information is widely used when making a decision on discharge of sewage, charging ecological tax, planning water protection measures, forecasting of anthropogenic impact on the quality of natural waters. However, inaccuracy of these data remains high because of the lack of measurement instruments and effective control over original and summarised data on the sewage quality. In this connection, major attention is given in this article to methods of verification of hydrochemical indices of sewage. Information monitoring system, suggested by the author, on sewage quality is intended for estimation of faithfulness of primary and summarised in time and space hydrochemical data. The monitoring system consists of series of inspections conducted in such a way that each consequent one narrows the results of the previous frameworks. The basic element of the monitoring system is comparison of obtained results with maximum permissible values for measured indices. Also, comparison of some indices to each other within the framework of one sample set or in the context of time-space variability, comparison of results with normative indices, analysis of hydrochemical balance of the river site. Monitoring of the primary hydrochemical information is carried out at the level of creation of quality testing protocols. The data, that did not satisfy control values, are considered to be "error" or "doubtful"; the former are not allowed to be entered into the database, the latter are corrected when it is necessary. The proposed system is open and can be perfected if new effective monitoring methods are developed. The above mentioned monitoring system of hydrochemical indices of sewage was tested by the author on real data collected and processed by divisions of the Ministry of Natural resources of the Republic of Belarus. As a result of this check, about 4 per cent of error and 6,5 per cent of doubtful values were detected, and 1,5 per cent of error values represent appreciable errors made when entering the data into the database. By the results of approbation the following conclusions have been made. At the first stage of check (comparison of obtained results with maximum permissible values) about half of all detected errors were revealed. Each subsequent stage of inspection revealed independently from 0,5 up to 1 per cent of error values and as a rule affirmed errors detected by the previous inspections. The largest number of errors in the data is detected on such elements, as nitrogen nitrate, nitrogen nitrite, phosphates, cadmium and chrome. When inspecting summarised retrospective data a number of doubtful mean annual values was revealed, which were confirmed later on by detected errors in input data. Thus, monitoring of primary and summarised data on discharge of sewage is an indispensable component of water resources management system because a careful analysis is needed for decision making in this field.

Biological Resources

Summary: Though seventeen years have already passed since the Chernobyl accident, the basic radioecological challenge, i. e. mitigation of negative impacts of the deposited fallout in soil is still unsolved. Radiation contamination density and physical-chemical properties of soil are the governing factors in accumulation of radionuclides in agricultural and forest foodstuffs. The rate of radionuclide input from fertile soil into plants is much lower than that from poor soils. The ability of forest to redistribute radionuclides throughout its components was used to provide some substantiation to the theory. It was taken into account when making experiments on the development of a dynamic biological barrier which could block synchronously the input of radionuclides into the above surface parts of forest ecosystems and their migration through the vertical soil profile at nearly stable radionuclide deposition within the soil/plants system. New effective measures should be devised and introduced in order to decrease negative impacts of radiation-contaminated soil and forests which became a continuing and uncontrollable radiation source for the population of Belarus; fertility of soil and productivity of woodlands therewith should not be reduced. Несмотря на то что прошло уже 17 лет после аварии на Чернобыльской AЭС, тем не менее, не решена главная радиоэкологическая задача - снижение негативного воздействия аварийных радионуклидов на почву, которая оказалась не защищенной от избыточной радиоактивности.

Nature Management

Summary: Ecological and geochemical analysis of the environment components in the area exposed to the effect of "Trostenets" SDW landfill has determined the nature and extent of their pollution. Groundwater of the Sozh morainic horizon in the landfill area is most contaminated and the amount of some components contained in it is 2...20 times higher than it is allowed, and its salt content may run as high as 2,108...2,700 mg/dm³. The chemical composition of groundwater from the Dnieper-Sozh aquifer does not show many variations, except for some excess in heavy metal contents (nickel, lead, manganese and chromium). The most important soil anomalies of heavy metals and toxic organic compounds are confined to the southeastern and northeastern party of the landfill where a great contribution to the surface runoff pollution is made by motor vehicle emissions. Gas - geochemical investigations hare revealed an intensive generation of gas consisting of methane to the extent of 87% in the landfill strata. The ecological conditions in the landfill area are considered to be conventionally satisfactory by the accepted environmental criteria. The conclusions drawn and actual measurements of the landfill parameters were used as a basis to justify its further exploitation during 10...12 years, and an efficient system of hydrogeological monitoring was suggested.

S. V. Kakareka, T. I. Kukharchyk
SOURCES OF PCBS RELEASES INTO THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS. pp. 55-61

Summary: In the paper first results of PCBs sources identification and estimation on the territory of Belarus are discussed. Main attention is paid to electrical equipment as predominant sources of PCBs. The study includes identification of electrical equipment with PCBs, estimation of PCBs emission volumes, inventory of equipment with PCBs, evaluation of PCBs losses and emission. Main types of PCBs fluids, diagnostic features of electrical equipment with PCBs are described. The peculiarity of PCBs leakage from capacitors and transformers are shown. Results of balance (production-consumption) approach for PCBs estimation are described. According to estimates, in Belarus there can be approximately 500 tonnes of PCB in transformers and 500 tonnes of PCB in capacitors now; total estimated annual release of PCBs makes up 1 tonne.

O. A. Mechkovskaya
NATURE-RECREATIONAL RESOURCES OF THE CENTRAL-EASTERN EUROPE AS A FACTOR OF INTENSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM. pp. 62-69

Summary: The objective basis of tourism development in the country is made up of recreational resources influencing territorial organization of tourist facilities and economic efficiency of the service. For the countries with transitive economy competitiveness of recreational resources in the market of the international tourist services becomes the main problem. The peculiarity of nature-recreational potential of the Central-Eastern Europe (CEE) is that many countries are characterized by similar nature-climatic conditions which have lead to identical nature-territorial complexes of rest and tourism. Under such conditions it is difficult for the countries to compete, various directions therefore are chosen in the field of development of tourism. Firstly, the priority is given to the development of internal tourism as a result of currency outflow restriction and decrease of deficiency of payment balance of the country. The internal tourism is the necessary basis for the development of international tourism. The experience of some CEE countries has demonstrated that the major factor of the development of internal tourism and stimulation of international tourism is alternative tourism. Secondly, to increase the competitiveness many tourist agencies of CEE specialize in granting combined tourist services. In this connection, the number of multifunctional tourist agencies including the use of nature-recreational and cultural - historical resources has increased. Thirdly, an important role in development of tourism is played by the factor of traditions. The countries having experience in development of some kinds of tourism from the times of CMEA, realize now tourist product more effectively, that is expressed in constant growth of incomes from international tourism. Also, in competitive struggle for the consumer, special attention is given to improving tourist infrastructure, development of which is impossible without foreign investments under the conditions of transitive economy. Finally, the dynamical development of tourism in the region has resulted in aggravation of ecological problems. In this connection special importance in organization of tourist activity is given to expansion of the network of nature protected territories.

A. A. Shvetsov
RECREATIONAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS. pp. 70-75

Summary: The development of tourism and exploitation of recreational resources, from the point of view of principles of sustainable development, seems to be one of the most promising directions for our country. The realization of recreational resources, in comparison to any other natural resources, in at least does not contradict the principles of sustainable development, does not require investments and recovers expenses in short terms. The greatest economic efficiency is derived from exploitation of recreational resources by involving them into a sphere of international tourism that is a form of invisible export. Potentially Belarus is rich in natural recreational resources. The woods occupy 37,8% of the country territory, 20 800 rivers have total length of 90 600 km, there are more than 10 000 lakes with the total area about 10 000 km2, 137 reservoirs of the total area 812,9 km2. The structure of specially protected territories of different categories includes 1 467 units of the total area of 156 900 km2, that makes 7,6% of the territory of the country. Deposits of the peat-mud, sapropel and approximately 60 maintained deposits of mineral waters form the basis of medical recreational resources. A promising form of recreational resources use is ecological and agrarian tourism that has become so common in the world lately and completely changed priorities in the use of agrarian territories of the European countries. In Belarus the development of agrarian tourism is supported by the programs UNDP and TACIS, a similar program is planned on the part of the International Financial Corporation in order to reduce unemployment in the country and improve social and economic consequences of the Chernobyl accident. The support of agrarian tourism as a form of state policy intended for unemployment reduction in the country, tax privileges and preferential crediting will allow to receive prompt positive effect practically simultaneously in various areas of sustainable development of the Republic of Belarus.

Protected Territories

Summary: Natural reserve is the most promising form of protected area development in the Republic of Belarus. An important standard of ecologically sound use of natural reserves and management of landscapes and their components is functional zoning of their territory. Different approaches to functional zoning of the natural park "Narochansky" based on the integrated ecological assessment of landscapes with very high nature conservation and recreation values are considered. On the basis of detailed analysis natural complexes and their contemporary economic value were determined and divided into the following functional zones: intended for nature preservation, regulated utilization, recreation, economic. New directions of rational activity in the region in order to lower recreational load on the coastal zone of the lake Naroch are suggested. More active utilization of other lakes of the natural park (Myadel, Myastro, Batorino) are recommended. As a result of research new conservation areas were determined for preservation and restoration of the most valuable and unique natural complexes. The total area of the conservation zone is about 8% of the natural park territory. For improving ecological state of the lake and solution of possible conflicts between natural protective and recreational activity in this area 17 sites with the total area 3 231 ha were selected.

Scientific Communications

Summary: A brief description of spectral sky zenith brightness measurements with the UV spectrometer-ozonometer PION and data processing to retrieve vertical ozone distribution are presented.

Yu. I. Atrashevski, A. N. Krasovski, L. N. Turyshev, M. P. Tsvirko
INVESTIGATION OF SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION AND DOZES OF SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF UV-INDEX FORECASTING. pp. 88- 89

Summary: The results of solar UV radiation monitoring taken at Minsk ozone station are given. The typical values of UV radiation doses have been presented for different seasons. The procedure of the UV-index forecasting in Minsk based on sun radiative transfer model UVSPEC from LibRadTran version 0,99 is developed.

V. P. Filonov, T. E. Naumenko, N. V. Usik, S. M. Sokolov, T. D. Gritsenko, S. T. Andrianova, A. E. Pshegroda, V. I. Kurlovich, S. V. Kasyul
SUBSTANTATION OF THE OZONE HYGIENIC STANDARD AND ORGANIZATION OF OZONE MONITORING AT AIR GROUND LAYER. pp. 90-91

Summary: Ozone is not monitored in Belarus. The European guideline value for ozone differs from accepted in Belarus. We established a new threshold level of ozone and developed a model of ozone monitoring at air ground layer (Instruction № 38-1102 dated 31.12.2002).

S. V. Kakareka, T. I. Kukharchyk, V. S. Khomich, P. V. Kurman, V. N. Chuduk, S. I. Zui
METHODOLOGICAL AND INFORMATION PROVISION OF INVENTORY OF HEAVY METALS AND PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS EMISSIONS. pp. 92-92

Summary: Main directions of the works for scientific, methodological and information provision of inventory of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants emissions are discussed. The results of experimental studies of heavy metal and PAH emissions from combustion of hard fuels in small boilers and residential furnaces as well as processes of open burning are given.

P. Р. Rutkouski, G. V. Vasilchenko
PRESENT STATE OF THE SVISLOCH AND MINSK RESERVOIRS. pp. 93-94

Summary: The result of the investigation is an estimate of the riverbed Svisloch state and of reservoirs in the city of Minsk and development of measures to improve their ecological condition.

V. G. Zhoglo
THE FORECAST OF UNDERGROUND WATER QUALITY CHANGE IN THE AREA OF GOMEL AND CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE POTABLE WATER UNDERGROUND SOURCES. pp. 95-97

Summary: The forecast of the underground water quality change in the area of groundwater intake of Gomel for a 50-year period is given. For conservation of the most valuable underground sources of potable water it is offered to extend the use of superficial artesian waters for the technical purposes in the area of pollution of subsoil waters and underflooding of the ground.

V. V. Kotsur
ESTIMATION OF THE SCALE OF TECHNOGENIC POLLUTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER IN THE WATER-TAKING ZONES OF GOMEL. pp. 97-99

Summary: In the water-taking zones of Gomel the technogenic factor is dominant in the chemical composition of surface water, underground gravitational water of airation zone and underground water of Quanternary deposits. In the districts of big enterprises and places of waste storage there happens a migration of active pollutants into Paleogene deposits, underground water of which is used by city water-taking works.

L. D. Lebedeva, N. P. Volkova
THE IMPACT OF THE SOLID DOMESTIC WASTE (SDW) STORAGE SITE ON THE QUALITY OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE REGION OF GOMEL. pp. 99-101

Summary: The technogenic effect of the SDW site near Gomel on the natural environment constituents has been assessed. High contamination of groundwater and rocks from the aeration zone was determined. Ammonium, chlorides, alkali and heavy metals, oil products were identified among contaminants. A conclusion was drawn concerning the necessity of further control over the groundwater conditions and the contamination development in time and space.

V. I. Pashkevich, V. D. Korkin, N. P. Volkova, N. N. Pashkevich, V. N. Leshchinskaya
ASSESSMENT OF THE NITRATE POLLUTION LEVEL OF THE GROUNDWATER USED FOR CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY. pp. 101-102

Summary: The nitrate pollution of fresh subsurface water is the most widespread man-made pollution that makes it more difficult to utilize this water for domestic and drinking purposes. The nitrate pollution is mostly evident in groundwater. The maximum allowable levels for nitrates (45 mg/dm³) are exceeded in 82% of all tested draw-wells (n = 1,029). The average nitrate content in this sample is 150,9 mg/dm³ (3 times the maximum-allowable concentration), and the maximum value is as high as 2,492 mg/dm³ (55 times the maximum-allowable concentration). In confined aquifers the nitrate pollution levels are considerably lower (below 60...120 mg/dm³). This pollution traces are noted even in water intake wells down to a depth of 40...50 m, in some sites, to 180...200 m.

M. M. Cherepansky, A. V. Sytnik, N. D. Mikhailov
COMPLEX APPROACH FOR ESTIMATION OF GROUND WATERS PROTECTING ABILITY. pp. 103-104

Summary: Complex approach for estimation of ground waters protecting ability consists of quantitative estimation of natural protection value (hydrodynamic method), calculation of balance hydrodynamic indicators of ground water abstraction's structure (numerical modeling method), explanation of water conditions (radioisotope investigations). Definition of time required for the pollution to reach ground water level is taken as a principle of quantitative estimation of ground water protection. The main factors for calculations are thickness, coefficient of storage, value of infiltration recharge for aeration zone and thickness, coefficient of filtration for impermeable cover for saturation zone. Study of protecting ability of overlying layer that covers exploited aquifer is carried out for city intakes "Zelenovka", "Novinki" which are used for water supply. Estimation of ground waters protecting ability showed that there were three categories of ground waters: unprotected, semi-protected and conventionally protected. Categories of protecting ability, quantitative estimations, type of water-exchange conditions are represented on constructed maps of ground water protecting ability.

A. A. Fedyaev, A. M. Grechko, V. S. Usenko, A. E. Zlebova, S. N. Katsemba, V. J. Zhoglo
FORECAST OF GROUND WATERS PETROLEUM CONTAMINATION IN KORENEVSKY INTAKE INFLUENCE ZONE. pp. 105-106

Summary: This article deals with the outcomes of recreational estimation of water area of lakes in the Republic of Belarus. Estimation was made on the basis of conceptual model of recreational use of lakes and a system of four groups of target yardsticks and indecis, designed in view of modern concept of rest and specificity of radiological, toxicological, microbiological pollution of aqueous objects of the republic. Some measures are suggested that will allow the organizers of recreational activity on aqueous objects timely accept indispensable standards on adjustment of their recreational usage for safe rest and conservation of aqueous ecosystems.

A. M. Grechko, V. E. Volkov, A. E. Zlebova, T. A. Tamelo, A. V. Smirnov, A. A. Taratunin
THE MODEL OF MINERALIZATION FORMING OF THE QUARRY WATERS IN "MIKASCHEVICHI" MINEFIELD AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ITS REDUCTION. pp. 106-108

Summary: Long-term development of the building stone in "Mikaschevichi" minefield under protection of the quarry water-outflow has resulted in the increase of mineralization of the quarry waters dumping in river network. On the basis of the data of geophysical, geohydrological and hydrochemical investigations with application of numerical methods the pickling mechanism of the quarry waters is revealed and investigated. Water protection measures are suggested for the reduction of negative influence on hydrosphere.

V. V. Pasyukov, A. I. Svirnovski, V. V. Drobenya, V. V. Buraya, V. A. Rudik, V. V. Sivitskaya
EVALUATION OF TOXICITY OF THE SALTS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE WATER OF RESERVOIRS BY THE METHOD OF CELL BIOMONITORINQ. pp. 108-109

Summary: The evaluation of toxicity of the salts of heavy metals in the water of reservoirs by the method of cell biomonitorinq on lymphoblastic cells is given here.

V. N. Korneyev, M. I. Bogdanovich, P. U. Afanasyev
TECHNIQUE FOR DEFINITION OF CROSS SECTION AREA OF A WATER CURRENT FOR DEFINING AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF THE DISSOLVED POLLUTION. pp. 110-111

Summary: In the article a brief description of a technique for definition of cross section area of a water current (a place of sampling) for the measurement of average concentration is given with the purpose of increase of reliability of the data of quality assurance of water in water-currents. The estimation of accuracy of definition of the dissolved pollution concentration by the developed technique and with approach used in the Republic in Belarus is given.

A. P. Stankevich
COMPLEX OF PROGRAMS FOR FORECAST OF FLOODING IN THE PRIPYAT RIVER BASIN. pp. 111-113

Summary: In the article a brief description of the integrated complex of programs for the forecast of flooding in the Pripyat river basin is presented. The software includes a mathematical model of water movement in the Pripyat river basin that was previously developed in the Central research Institute for Complex Use of Water Resources (CRICUWR). This model also includes special software (OVERCALC2) for visualization of flooding zones that was developed in the State Belarussian University. As a result of combination of these program complexes the opportunity of construction of operative forecasts of flooding in the Pripyat River Basin has appeared. The forecast includes both water levels on the rivers of Pripyat basin and flooding zones of coastal territories with representation of results in a graphic, tabulated and cartographical way.

M. M. Cherepansky, A. P. Stankevich, V. N. Korneyev, A. E. Zlebova, A. V. Pakhomov
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF JOINTLY PROCEEDING PROCESSES OF POLLUTION LOADS IN SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND WATERS. pp. 113-114

Summary: In the article the description of the development for modeling jointly proceeding processes of pollution loads in surface and underground waters is presented. The developed algorithms and the software were evaluated on a test site of along the river Svisloch from Chizhovsky reservoir up to Zaslavsky reservoir and hydraulically connected with this site of the river of a water-fence of underground waters.

A. N. Kolobayev, A. N. Odinets, A. M. Penkovskaya
DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUCTIVE-METHODOLOGICAL MAINTENANCE OF STANDARTIZATION OF WASTE WATER RESET IN POOLS OF THE RIVERS IN BELARUS. pp. 114-116

Summary: General characteristic of the developed documents "Rules of protection of surface waters from pollution" and "Technique for determination of conditions of diversion of waste water in surface water objects" is given. First paper is basic for water protection activity in the republic and affects interests of all ministries and departments subordinated by it of the enterprises and organizations, physical and legal persons who are responsible for water use. The second one is developed to improve the first one. The projects of the documents are submitted for coordination in due order.

V. N. Akudovich, L. P. Mashara
TRANSFORMATION OF GRAPHICAL INFORMATION OF LOGS INTO DIGITAL FORM USING A SCANNER. pp. 116-117

Summary: Wells geophysical researching or logging is carried out for the purpose of parameter registration of physical fields specific for a geological section. Analog form of registration of curves with a paper tape or digital recording can be used. Computer data processing of analog form of registration demands additional processing to transform graphical information in digital form. The computer technique of transformation of graphical information of logs in digital form using a scanner is worked out. Program complex INGEF-SKAN is intended for transformation of raster information of scanner images in vector form, editing and retention of findings in physical unites of logging techniques.

L. P. Mashara, V. V. Masyukov
DETERMINATION OF COLLECTORS OF LOW MINERALIZED STRATUM WATERS AND ESTIMATION OF THEIR PARAMETERS ACCORDING TO THE DATA OF WELLS GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS. pp. 118-120

Summary: There are some difficulties related to determination of stratum collectors according to the data of geophysical investigations in hydrogeological and other wells. They are caused by rock saturation with sweet or low mineralized waters. Primary difficulties appear because of high rock resistance. The logging complex has electrical, radioactive and acoustical techniques for investigation of the wells. Complex program for computer processing of obtained information was developed. The complex can obtain lithological composition of deposit rocks (sandstone, limestone, dolomites, clays), porosity and extents of water saturation of productive stratums. The technique and the programs are used by enterprises.