Natural Resources, 2006, No.1

PRIRODNYE RESURSY (Natural Resources) Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Number 1; 2006

CONTENTS

Khoruzhik L.I.
REPORT AT FINAL SESSION OF BOARD OF THE MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS FOR 2005. pp. 5-24

Climatic Resources

J. A. Dmitrenkova
THE ROLE OF CLIMATE IN CROPS YIELD VARYING AT DIFFERENT SOIL FERTILITY. pp. 25-28

Summary: The article presents results of the assessment of climate-conditioned changeability of farming crops on tillage lands with high and low site class. A comparative analysis has been carried out for two regions of Minsk district: Nesvizhskiy and Myadelskiy. Time lines (for 1960-2003) of productivity for winter and spring crops, potato, fibre flax and silage corn have been investigated. The agrotechnical and climate contribution into the yield general dispersion of these crops has been determined. The yield variation coefficients regarding weather-climatic factors have been calculated and compared. It was found that on the fertile soils of Nesvizh region a spare of climate in crops yield oscillation decreases by 5...27 %. Therefore its maximum distinctions between the regions were marked for winter rye and silage corn, a minimum one - for potato. In the conditions of high site quality of the plough-land cereal crops and silage corn yield is less changeable under the impact of climate. But fibre flax and potato productivity is characterized by a greater stability on plowed low fertility lands.

Water Resources

A. M. Penkovskaya, S. A. Dubianok, L. I. Levkovich
DETERMINATION OF CONTAMINANTS PERMISSIBLE DISCHARGES INTO WATER STREAMS. pp. 29-36

Summary: The existing methods of calculation for contaminant discharge limits into water streams are analyzed in this article. The necessity of taking into account during calculations the disposition of water users that are discharging pollutants into water streams on the territory of a river basin is justified. The methodology and algorithm of calculation of permissible contaminant discharge for water users in view of their mutual influence on water site is presented. The algorithm is tested on the example of calculation for water users that are located in the basin of the river Sozh (users are discharging wastewater into the river Uza and into the Milchanskaya ditch). The choice of a designed site of river basin is stipulated by the presence of densely located large water users. The cooperative reset of contaminants from all water users exceeds assimilative ability water stream and reduces in exceeding normative indices of natural waters quality. With the purpose of regulation water use, by the offered technique, the calculations on determination of contaminants permissible discharges into water streams for water users, located on a site of river basin are carried out. The calculations are carried out for main contaminants contained in waste water. As a result of calculations, the permissible concentrations of contaminants in waste water passed in water streams are obtained at which the normative requirements to natural waters quality will be observed. On the basis of the carried out analysis and obtained results the conclusion is made that the possibility and substantial necessity to achieve water quality targets for main aqueous objects - receivers of wastewater, that are used for fishery and drinking purposes, is problematic. It is not justified economically. To determine the requirements for protective measures it is reasonable to establish the decree distribution of the rivers of the Republic of Belarus by categories according to their role in water supply of the economy of the Republic.

Biological Resources

R. I. Sachok, H. A. Kamyshenka
A TERRITORY DISTRIBUTED ASSESSMENT OF BIOEFFICIENCY VARIABILITY FACTORS OF AGROECOSYSTEMS. pp. 37-49

Summary: In this article the results of performance of the territorial distributed estimation of natural and anthropogenous factors influence on bioefficiency of basic crops (winter rye, barley, oats, potatoes, corn on silage), cultivated in Belarus are given. The researches were based on the extensive facto-graphics basis describing 3 years - 2001-2003 on administrative areas level and country as a whole. Three mutually independent groups of factors, playing a major role in the formation of bioefficiency of agroecosystems are considered: parameters of soil quality conditions, climatic factors (air temperature and atmospheric precipitation), agriculture level (entering of mineral and organic fertilizers). The researches are executed by methods of couple, multiple and initial correlations. As a measure of connection between variables the factors of correlation, according to the estimation methods are used. Thus, on the value of determination factor the conclusions about a share of variability - dependence of a predictant from independent (one or several) variable-predictors are made. The parameters of linear models of territorial correlation of a variability of crops productivity with kadastr estimations (in numbers) of plough and agricultural grounds are appreciated. These parameters explain approximately 35 % of territorial variability of agroесоsystems bioefficiency. Mineral and organic fertilizers on the data of different models have 37 % of the productivity variability of basic cultivated in Belarus crops, the climatic factor - 28 %. Thus, the average percentage correlations of determination of variability of five basic crops productivity are distributed under the factors "ground - climate - fertilizer" as follows - 35 : 28 : 37, resulting in 100 %.

V. Grichik, S. Sandakov
SUBSPECIES AND POPULATIONAL STATUS OF GAME BIRDS IN BELARUS. pp. 50-57

Summary: We took 24 species figuring in Belarusian official list of game birds and analyzed their subspecies and population status in connection with their phenotypic and ecological isolation, migration relationships and quantity fluctuation. We made a number of conclusions concerning practical use of these species: 1. We briefly argued the necessity of different methods while protecting and steady use of two Capercaillie subspecies (Tetrao urogallus major and T.u.pleskei) cause of critically low number of the first form, and two subspecies of Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix perdix and P. p. lucida), number dynamics of which can vary in different conditions. 2. The necessity of normalized Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) spring hunting based on number and reproduction of local population has been argued as these birds form a main part of roding males. 3. It was pointed that the places where most migratory game birds winter are situated in regions of Western Europe and Western Mediterranean and only Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Gadwall (Anas strepera) and Garganey (Anas querquedula) winter in Eastern Mediterranean where a number of Asian species also concentrates - the potential carriers of pathogenic viruses during their typical migration from Southern to Eastern Europe. Namely these species are the most likely virus carriers during spring migration. 4. The facts of natural habitat intersection between geographical populations of Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) and Pochard (A. ferina) in the East of European part of Russia and in Western Siberia have been established. In this region there is a high probability of pathogenic viruses transfer from European populations during nesting period and migration of infected birds towards wintering places in Central and Western Europe. We make a conclusion about a probable appearance of infected birds of pointed species in Belarus during autumn migration. 5. We drew attention to the formation of two populations of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus) on Belarusian territory which differ in a number of ecological parameters, connected with synantropization first of all.

Nature Management

N. A. Lysukha, D. M. Eroshina, U. S. Rakova
THE LEGISLATIVE, NORMATIVE AND METHODICAL BASIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ON THE AREA OF WASTE DISPOSAL OBJECTS INFLUENCE. pp. 58-63

Summary: To-date the formed waste products of manufacture and consumption are stored in specially assigned territories named disposal objects of waste products. Waste disposal objects affect all components of the environment, and they are the subjects of ecological control. Legislative bases are established by the Law of the Republic of Belarus "About environmental protection", which stipulates the creation of National System of the Environment monitoring. The legislative and normative basis of monitoring system and the control over a condition of the environment on waste disposal objects is considered in the article. Current monitoring system of the condition of environmental components in areas of influence of waste disposal objects is analyzed. In Belarus basic attention of ecologists is given to the study of the impact of waste disposal objects on underground water. Within the framework of development of National system of environmental monitoring it is expedient to develop the concept of local monitoring of disposal objects of waste, taking into account the basic laws of objects influence on environmental components, and variety and features of objects. For each component of the natural environment (underground waters, atmospheric air and soil cover) it is necessary to develop methodical approaches to monitoring system. Ways of improvement of current legislative, normative and methodical basis for providing monitoring of underground and superficial waters, air, soil are offered. Development of local monitoring methodology of underground waters, substantiation and acceptance of the uniform quality ground standards, development of the instruction of definition of structure and quantity of biogas formed on landfills are priorities.

S. V. Savchenko, E. V. Sytnik
ECOLOGY-GEOCHEMICAL ESTIMATION OF SOIL COVER OF MINSK ON THE TERRITORY OF SNOW WAREHOUSING. pp. 64-70

Summary: One of the problems of snow recycling on a city territory relates to the concentration of heavy metals, mineral oil, chlorides, sulfates on it, that accumulate in soil and other components of landscape in places of snow warehousing To estimate an ecology-geochemical condition of soils on snow dumps in Minsk 9 permanent and 4 reserve snow recycling territories have been investigated. All considered territories are free from building and present waste grounds, green zones of roadside strips, former farmland in areas of a private sector. Soil probing in the most representative points was made. The soils top p to 10...15 cm depth and ground from 15 m depth were taken. Chemical-analytical processing of samples was carried out in Central laboratory RUP "Belgeological" by standard techniques. As was shown by researches, regarding a degree of acidity, 77 % of soil samples relates to neutral and alkalescent with рН 7,05 up to 8,25. The other soils have neutral and close to neutral reaction with рН from 6,20 up to 6,90. On depth of 15 m value of a parameter рН displaced aside the alkaline conditions. The basic contaminant of snow dumps are mineral oil. In investigated soils their concentration exceed a background value 1,9...793 times. In 69 % of the investigated soils the contents of contaminant reach 1,2...79,3 roughly allowable concentration. Mineral oil collect only in the top 10...15 sm soil layer. Of heavy metals, the basic contaminants are Pb, Cu and Zn. Pb concentration exceeding a background in 85 % of the investigated soil samples, are observed, Cu - 50, Zn - 23 %. Thus, excess maximum concentration limit (roughly allowable concentration) for Pb and Zn are fixed in 23 % of the samples, Cu - in 31 %. Cr contents are in the limits and below background value. At 15 m depth concentration of Pb, Cu and Cr increase or remain at the same level. Contents of Zn with depth decreases. Increased contents of Cl- are observed in all investigated soil samples. The minimal Cl- conc. exceeds a background 2,2 times, maximal - 66,8 times. Concentration Cl-exceeding "a threshold of toxicity", is fixed in 19 % of the investigated soil samples. At 15 m depth the contents of contaminants make from 8,9 up to 277 mg/kg, thus the maximal value 27,7 times exceeds a background and 2,8 times - over concentration. SO42- conc. exceeding background value are observed in 73 % of samples, thus the average contents SO42- exceeds a background 4,8 times. The maximal SO42- content fixed in ground on a dump, functioning more than 5 years, 1,2 time exceeds maximum concentration limit (roughly allowable concentration). Pollution of ground at the depth of 15 m by SO42-, exceeding 1,4...3,9 times background values, is observed. Due to the presence of soil pollution in snow dumps, actions on prevention of contaminants falling in surface and underground waters may be a removal and replacement of a soil layer, turf cover of sites with no vegetation, and also a constant control over a chemical compound of subsoil waters.

S. E. Golovatyi, N. K. Lukashenko
BEHAVIOUR OF LEAD IN PEAT-MARSH SOIL AND ITS ACCUMULATION BY PLANTS. pp. 71-76

Summary: The purpose of researches was the study of change of Pb mobility in peat-swamp soils depending on a contamination level and quantity of dolomite ameliorant, and also research of influence of chalking on the decrease of metal conc. in forage grasses with the purpose of obtaining plant production coresponding the sanitary-hygienic requirements. The microfield researches were carried out during 2004-2005 years. Soil samples for the analyses from each vessel after harvest cultures were selected. The gross Pb content was determined by method of extraction by acid mixtures, mobile forms - 1 М HCl with AAS completion, exchange - acetate-ammonium buffer of рН 4,80. In plant samples an element has been determined by dry ash method with subsequent extraction by a nitric acid with atomic-absorption ending. Others agrochemical parameters - by standard methods. The results of researches have shown, that on non-chalked peat-swamp soils with рНKCl 5,23, polluted by Pb up to 50 mg/kg, the contents of mobile and exchange forms of metal reached accordingly 45,40 and 43,33 mg/kg. At the pollution level up to 100 mg/kg the given values increase accordingly up to 91,83 and 89,46 mg/kg. At the pollution level of Pb 50 mg/kg the chalking of soils by dolomite flour in dozes 2, 4 and 6 t/hа promoted a decrease of its acid content from 5,23 up to 6,13 and has resulted in insignificant increase of quantity of Pb in both extraction variants. At the increase of the pollution level up to 100 mg/kg the application of dolomite flour in dozes 2 and 4 t/hа has resulted in the decrease of soils acid cont. from 5,33 to 5,67 and 5,89 accordingly and increase of mobile Pb from 91,83 mg/kg up to 95,07 mg/kg, exchange - from 89,46 mg/kg up to 92,12 mg/kg. Chalking of soils by a doze 6 t/hа has lowered its acidic up to 5,99 and has caused reduction of the quantity of mobile and exchange Pb in comparison with the controled one up to 90,32 and 88,26 mg/kg. Chalking of soils promotes a decrease of metal accumulation in plants of fodder grasses. It was found, that in the first year of chalking at the pollution level of soils by Pb 50 mg/kg no true change of metal contents in plants first mowing was observed. In second mowing at all variants of dolomite flour application in dozes 4 and 6 t/hа the decrease of Pb accumulation in plants was marked. In the second year of chalking the steady tendency of the decrease of Pb accumulation by plants 1,3...2,3 times - at first mowing, 1,3...1,7 times - at second mowing is fixed. At the pollution level of peat-swamp soils by Pb up to 100 mg/kg chalking of soils at a doze 6 t/hа has resulted in the increase of Pb concn. of Pb in plants of first mowing - up to 1,18 mg/kg. In the second mowing at all variants of entering of dolomite flour the contents of metal in plants has decreased up to 0,72...0,67 mg/kg. In 2005 a Pb concen. in first and second mowing plants at all levels of application of dolomite flour really reduced and has made from 0,84 up to 0,59 mg/kg and from 0,82 up to 0,55 mg/kg accordingly.

E. I. Belova, I. A. Tyashkevich, O. N. Samojlenko, T. V. Gridina, A. R. Pontus, E. V. Shmeleva, S. G. Myshlyakov, V. R. Pontus
THE SYSTEM OF THE CONDITION ESTIMATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON INCREASING OF EFFICIENCY OF THE POLDER SYSTEM USE ON BASE OF HIGH RESOLUTION SPACE IMAGES AND GROUND MEASUREMENTS. pp. 77-88

Summary: The objects of the study are polder and drainage systems of the Belarussian Polesie. The purpose of the research work is a system development of estimation of the condition and recommendations on increasing of efficiency of the polder system use on base of high resolution space images. The main problem was managed by complex analysis of all available data about natural ambience investigated region with maximum use of airspace information and the latest technology of its processing for this period. The done work includes the concept about intercoupling and interdependences of all elements of natural ambience, when natural or artificial change of one of the elements contains inevitable change of the whole ecosystem. The detailed researches were executed on the territory of three master-calibrated areas (MCA), which were located in Pripyat river flood, but widely differ in size, relief, geological and other natural factors. They are MCA "Olishany" (Stolinski region), MCA "Kolino" (Zhitkovichski region) and MCA "POSMZiL" (the part of Polesskaya experimental station of land-reclamations, husbandries and meadow cultivation) (Luninecki region). Great attention was paid to computer processing of multispectral images. Multispectral data, obtained in several narrow intervals of the visible range, form the series of landscape models. Multi-layer models are complex because they consist of many components. The distribution and the cross connections analysis of a large number of elements of such models is a difficult problem. So the goal-directed (thematic) processing of the images is required. The received information accent is transferred to the researcher's interested objects by the researcher, which corresponds to details of the processed images. The system of the condition estimation and recommendations on increasing the efficiency of polder systems on a high resolution space image basis and ground measurements on the base of executed researches was done. The designed system will realize the operative inventory of polder areas and make recommendations for increasing of efficiency and practicability of their use.

V. Putyrskaya, E. Klemt, G. Zibold, N. Goncharova
BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY OF CAESIUM-137 IN EUROPEAN LAKES. pp. 89-97

Summary: In present work a comparative analysis of fish contamination with radiocaesium in lakes with different trophic levels is done. The concentration ratios (CRs) of 137Cs in fish are calculated. During the research several kinds of predatory and non-predatory fish from three European lakes were used: lake Vorsee (Germany), Lake Constance (Germany) and Lago Maggiore (Italy, Switzerland). Roughly the initial fallout of 137Cs after the Chernobyl accident onto the lake surface is more or less the same and it is about 17 kBq/m2 for the lake of Constance, 20 kBq/m2 for Lago Maggiore and 30 kBq/m2 for the lake Vorsee. To describe the uptake of radioactivity by aquatic biota, in particular by fish, an equilibrium parameter is commonly used, - the concentration ratio (CR) which is calculated as a ratio of 137Cs activity concentration in fish and its concentration in lake water. During the studies the time-dependencies of the 137Cs specific activities in predatory and non-predatory fish and lake water were shown, also the following statements were formulated. The concentration ratio can be used after several months after the fallout and it can be transferred from one lake to another considering the following dependencies. A factor 3 lower fish - water concentration ratio CR of 137Cs is found in the eutrophic lake as compared to those which are observed in mesotrophic and oligotrophic lakes. Within one lake the concentration factors for different fish groups vary largely. Moreover, the variability of CR's of 137Cs within one fish group and one lake is also rather high.

Ecologically Safe and Resource-Saving Technology

A. K. Gorbunov
RESOUECE-SAVING TECHNOLOGY OF SPHAGNUM PEAT PROCESSING TO OBTAIN ECOLOGY SAFE PREPARATIONS FOR VEGETABLE CROPS PROTECTION FROM DISEASES. pp. 98-101

Summary: The article provides results of sphagnum peat study as a raw material to combat vegetable crops diseases. It has been shown that sphagnum peat of 20...25 % decomposition degree contains much more phenol compounds than sphagnum moss and 5...15 % decomposition degree sphagnum peat. The oxidation destruction of sphagnum peat of enhanced decomposition allows to obtain high-output preparations in the presence of catalyst additives regarding initial raw material, and it also has the greatest amount of phenol compounds in them. It has been found that as catalyzing additives during sphagnum peat oxidation it is expedient to use some salts of varying valence metals in a definite ratio. This promotes the increase of the preparation outcome and phenol compounds content in them if compared to tests with no catalysts use or this one application. The data obtained served as a basis to develop a method and a technology to produce plants protection means from fungus and bacterial infections. Main preparation production process stages include: Peat separation, its oxidation in autoclave and separation of oxidized pulp into liquid phase (target product) and hard residue as a production waste then. The technology proposed of biologically active "Sphagnin" preparation is based on standard equipment, does not require great initial raw material consumption - sphagnum peat and power resources. The "Sphagnin " tests of vegetable crops in closed grounds were done jointly with RUE "BelPPI NAS of Belarus", and revealed its efficiency against root and foliage infection on the level of plants chemical protection means.

Scientific Communications

A. P. Platonov, S. G. Kovchur, I. I. Lishtvan
THE BASES FOR THE TECHNOLOGY TO UTILIZE INORGANIC WASTE OF DISIRON STATION. pp. 102-104

Summary: A resource-saving, ecology-friendly technology to utilize disiron stations waste has been developed. The chemical contents of the waste and hard metal contents have been studied. It has been stated that the waste may be used for production of construction pigment and color pavement tiles.

I. Korzun, A. Lednitskiy, A. Kozulin
ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTION CHANCES OF WOOD AND BUSH FUEL CHIPS OF MIRES. pp. 105-109

Summary: The article deals with questions, concerned to the selection of environmental compatible technologies of wood fuel production. These technologies provide conservation of biological diversity and minimization of man-caused influence over the analyzable ecosystem. The factors that make a most material impact on features to obtain fuel chips from wood-bushes vegetation of Polesye top bogs were discovered. These factors are: work of seasonal nature of men and equipment; complicated natural-climatic conditions of task execution; under-developed transportation network of general use. Comparative estimation of probable variants of technological process of fuel chipping has shown, that in examine natural and industrial conditions the value of chip solid cubic meter is changing in range from 9.81 to 53.58 thousand rubles. At the same time the floor of price of chip cubic meter is reached by using the first system of machines. Its value (84.63 USD/t. r. f.) is by 23 % lower, than in the second (109.60 USD/t. r. f.) and by 12 % lower, than in the third (96,18 USD/t. r. f.) one.

S. V. Fedorovich, O. A. Tsygankova, G. V. Rachinskaia, O. S. Yuchkovich
ECOLOGY AND POLLINOSIS. pp. 110-113

Summary: There are some literature data on negative influence of pollutants on human body reactivity and on genetic structure of pollen grains. The analysis of dependence of allergenic activity of plants pollen grains on atmospheric air pollution was realised. The more expressed level of dust and gas pollution was shown in Mogilyov in comparison with Minsk, and also in the areas of Minsk allergist's service № 1 in comparison with Minsk allergist's service № 4. The growth in patients with respiratory allergic diseases in the most dust and gas polluted areas has been revealed. That confirms the role of pollutants in the development of allergic diseases.

Chronicle

S. P. Kundas, A. E. Okeanov, S. S. Poznyak
International Symposium "Actual Problems of Dosimetry".

M. Yu. Kalinin
International Aquatic Forum "Modern State, Problems and Prospects of Trans-Boundary Aquatic Objects".

I. I. Lishtvan
Results of the Passed International Conference "Peat to Solve Problems of Power Engineering, Agriculture and Ecology".

Jubilee

M. Yu. Kalinin
Advancing the 45-th Anniversary of Central Scientific-Research Institute of Complex Water Resources Use.