Natural Resources, 2006, No.2

PRIRODNYE RESURSY (Natural Resources) Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Number 2; 2006

CONTENTS

Climatic Resources

J. A. Dmitrenkova
EFFECT OF EXTREME WEATHER-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON FARMING CROPS PRODUCTIVITY. pp. 5-9

Summary: The article contains research results of unfavorable weather-climatic conditions impact on basic farming crops yield regarding time and territorial aspect. For Belarus and some regions a statistical value of the yield distinctions in the extreme phenomena years and without them has been stated. A comparison of crops productivity at normal and insufficient/excessive (HTC > 2,0 and/or HTC £ 0,7) moisture in vegetation months on the Student t-criterion has also been implemented on the level of administrative regions. It has been revealed that years with frosts in May - September had a specific lowered mean yield of potato in Minsk, Mogilyov, Gomel regions and on Belarus territory in general. Droughty years of Vitebsk region were marked with reduced mean silage corn productivity and across Republic - with fall of sugar beet yield. An excessive watering and/or drought phenomena in certain vegetation period months are defined by mean potato fall in Belarus South-West, silage corn - in the East and South-East of the Republic. Besides, a valuable territorial distinction of crops productivity at the extreme correlation of heat and moisture in May - August have been found.

Water Resources

A. G. Grinevich, Y. Y. Petlitsky, S. N. Skuratovich
THE STRUCTURE OF OVERALL REMOVAL OF THE CONTAMINANTS FROM THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS IN THE WESTERN DVINA, DNIPER, NEMAN AND VILIA RIVER BASINS. pp. 10-19

Summary: The retrospective analysis of the annual removal structure of the main contaminants from the territory of Belarus within the bounds of the Western Dvina, Dniper, Neman and Vilia river basins is given in the work. Using the data acquired in 1987-1997 while making stationary control, we have done a comparative analysis of the current term (1998-2004) on the amount of transboundary transport of contaminants in the mentioned river basins. While making the necessary calculations we used the data from the State Water Cadastre and waste water composition data to evaluate this source of contaminants arrival in the overall removal from the territory of the river basins. The role of the Belarusian basin part in the overall removal of the contaminants is evaluated according to the difference on the entrance and exit on the boundary section lines. The acquired data actually characterize the overall effect of a whole series of processes occurring in the river as moving from one bound to another or as removing from the territory of Belarus (for the Neman and Vilia river basins). Natural purification of river waters and arrival of contaminants both at the expense of natural physiographic conditions of a certain territory and surface outwash of man-made pollution are the main processes. Some calculations of specific outwash from a unit of area were done to evaluate the quantities of a possible contaminants surface outwash and its further arrival in the river network The peculiarities of changing substance varying in time for every of the mentioned river basins are given in the work. So if we take biological oxygen consumption (BOC)5 outwash, for instance, we can say that in general the situation is stable and moreover the outwash has decreased 35 % in the Western Dvina river basin. The Dniper river basin has the greatest part of sewage which contains up to 20 % of (BOC)5. The increase of ammonia nitrogen is typical practically for all the river basins, especially in the Dniper and Vilia river basins (half as much again as it was). The acquired in the work results and conclusions allow us to evaluate the main peculiarities of the existent processes and therefore should promote address and specific measures directed both to the improvement and stabilization of ecological situation in the river basins of Belarus and to the realization of corresponding intergovernmental nature-conservative projects.

A. Aucharova
MINERAL SOLUTES AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS BALANCE OF URBANIZED PART OF A RIVER. pp. 20-27

Summary: In the article the method of mineral solutes balance calculation of the Svisloch river catchment part, which allows to assess the contribution of different water category to river water contamination, is given. The part of the Svisloch river catchment between the river sections of Drozdy (above Minsk) and Korolishivichy (below the waste discharges of the Minsk aeration station (MAS)), which is the most urbanized territory within the river basin, was selected for investigation. Its area is 487,6 km2 and 305,0 km2 are located on the territory of Minsk. The balance was calculated for solid residue, chlorides, sulphates and suspended solids over a period of 2000-2004 years. It's shown, the main contribution to the increase in mineral solutes (for solid residue) falls on the normative refined waste discharges of the MAS - 61,4 %. Its contribution to the increase of sulphates reaches more than 2/3 of the total value of receipts and 1/2 of chlorides. The part of surface runoff in the total value of receipts from concerned area is consisted 11,8 %. According to the balance re-count for man-caused constituent, the surface runoff part increased to 28,1 % and amounted to 50 % of the normative refined waste discharges contribution. The balance calculation for suspended solids shows, that annually 1 000 tons of solids accumulate in the Svisloch between the river sections of Drozdy and Korolishivichy.

Mineral Resources

N. S. Petrova, D. M. Eroshina, V. E. Kutyrlo
THE PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF POTASH DEPOSITS OF NEZHIN SITE OF THE STAROBIN POTASH SALT DEPOSIT. pp. 28-39

Summary: The article is about the structure and tectonic features of one of the perspective district to develop potassium ore - the Nezhinsky. Based on geological- geophysical materials of preliminary exploration and the author's data the complex analysis of saliferous adjournment was conducted and potassium horizons development perspectives were evaluated. Attributes of tectonic failures are defined. Particularities of structure and composition of main potassium horizons are described in the article. The Starobin potassium deposit exploitation practice showed significant variances of mining-and-geological parameters, which are the result of detailed exploration and exploitation. Negative consequences are expressed in the necessity of significant remaking in the process of construction and on the first stages of companies activities, in additional investments, and in large volume of untellable works. The research conducted on geological constitution and tectonic structure, and also structure-material characteristics of salt soils and halopelites of basic industry potassium horizons allow to specify detailed exploration technique of Nezhin district: to plan the network of exploratory wells taking into consideration the tectonic structure of the district, conforming with directions and location of tectonic failures; to calculate the reserves on specified blocks; to specify the technique of potassium stores sampling.

Biological Resources

N. Bambalov
THE ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCE OF PEAT FORMING PLANTS. pp. 40-46

Summary: Biological factors of decomposition of organic substance (OS) in virgin mires are two big groups of living organisms: many species of animals and microorganisms. Autolytic ferments may by as a third biological factor, but probably, this factor puts a small role in decomposition of OS because of short time of its activity. Main role in decomposition of OS belongs to biological factors, their activity depends on environmental conditions - aeration, temperature, humidity, pH, elements of mineral nutrition, antiseptics and others. It is possible to give appropriate explanation to the rate of OS mineralization in peatlands by biological factors, but it's impossible to explain a big differences in the degree of decomposition of cotton grass-peat, pine-peat, pine-sphagnum-peat, as well as sedge, reed, hypnum-moss and woody kinds of peat. Impossibility of explanation of different value of degree of decomposition for different genetic kinds of peat only by biological factors and by environmental conditions in peatlands engages looking for the reason of that in peculiarities of OS chemical composition and structure of different species of peat forming plants.

V. F. Baginskiy, V. I. Mironenko
PINE ARTIFICIAL FOREST STAND DENSITY AS A POTENTIAL PRODUCTIVITY FACTOR OF THE STANDS. pp. 47-55

Summary: Notwithstanding the fact that in Belarus artificial forest stands comprise 23 percent of the total forest area and the percentage of pines is over 70 percent, the question of the initial density of stocking is still hotly debated. The current study of initial density of man-made stands and its impact on estimated features of stands at an age up to 30 was made in artificial pine forest stands with different densities covering 7.6 ths ha. The stands were established in nine model silvicultural enterprises located in different forest vegetation subzones wherein 47 temporary and 23 permanent study areas were designated. Growth in mean height and mean diameter as well as changes in stem form, stand volume and assortment structure of pine artificial stands with a planting density of from 0.5 to 10 ths trees per ha have been studied. It was demonstrated that at an age up to 30 a pine artificial forest stand with an initial density of from 8 to 10 ths trees per ha has a greater stock volume and a better assortment structure than a stand with an initial density of from 1 to 5 ths trees per ha. Although mean diameter of 25 to 30-year-old low-density stands (0.5 to 3 ths trees per ha) is 13 to 18 percent greater than that of high-density stands, the number of trees whose diameter is equal to or greater than mean diameter of low-density stands is as great as 1.5 to 2-fold in man-made stands with a density of from 5.5 to 10 ths trees per ha. Therefore stock volume in 25 to 30-year-old high-density artificial stands is 2 to 3 times greater and assortment structure is 1.5 to 2 times better than these in low-density stands. Timber quality, which is determined by knotless zone length is 25 to 50 percent higher in stands with a density of from 8 to 10 ths trees per ha rather than in low-density stands (0.5 to 2 ths trees per ha). From the above it might be assumed that a density of 5 to 7 thousand trees per ha, which is common in the establishment of artificial stands in Belarus, may be regarded as optional. Economic, silvicultural and biological requirements for man-made forest stands and technological potentialities are crucial factors in choosing planting density. Stands of various densities should be allowed in the system of forest regeneration, and not just the most widespread sparse and moderately spaced ones.

V. I. Khmelevsky
IMPACT OF TERRITORY SWAMPING ON THE STATE OF NATIONAL PARK PRIPYATSKIY WOODS. pp. 56-61

Summary: On the territory of National park Pripyatsky under the impact of bogging processes degradation of forests and mires formation occurs. The basic reason is the dysfunction of reclamation canals build 120 yeas ago. Degradation of the biotic forests communities (ecosystems) on dry heights and secondary swamping of forests on mires registered on the area of 13 080 ha, or 15 % of the whole territory of National park. This proves replacements of vegetation following its disturbance, towards reestablishment of the previous associations of the same compositions, that appeared prior to ameliorative actions on the territory of national park Pripyatsky. As a result of reinforcement of swamping processes the great number of trunk wood has been dried and lost. There are some changes in the forest formation structure (reduction of the oak, birch, pine, birch forest, and increase of the area of willow and open swamps.) In the typological forest structure the waterless forests (aegopodiosum, urticosum filicosum, myptillosum, polytrichosum) with more poor vegetation species composition substitution occurs (caricosum, caricoso-sphagnosum, sphagnosum), that lead to the decrease of biological diversity of park forests. In order to preserve biological diversity, increase of stability of forest plantation and improvement of sanitary condition, it is necessary to establish auxiliary drain pipe construction on the roads and dams, to destroy the railway bedding of old railways in the places where bar movement water are marked, that will provide stability of wood ecosystems. In ecosystems, where the river beaver provokes drying and loss of forests it is not desirable to interfere in nature biogeocenosis. In order to avoid losses of dry wood, it is necessary to constantly conduct sanitary fell and calculation zone of the territory park (except reservation zone). Monitoring of bogging processes and exposure of mires formation processes is obligatory.

Nature Management

V. F. Loginov, M. I. Struk
REQUIREMENTS TO ECOLOGICAL SECURITY PROVISION AS A RESULT OF FORECAST OF SOCIAL-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF BELARUS FOR THE PERIOD TILL 2010. pp. 62-71

Summary: In this article the main directions of activity concerning ecological safety in Belarus in connection with the forecast of socio-economic development of the country for the period up to 2010 are presented. The components of natural environment - climate, atmospheric air, water resources, land resources and soil, vegetation and wild animals as well as economics and waste were considered as subjects of inquiry. The conceptual scheme "pressure - state - response" was put in the basis of investigation. According to this scheme, the environmental impacts were examined, the present state of natural components was evaluated, the possible threats to them in the nearest 5 years were determined and the optimization measures were proposed. In the article the preconditions of environment changes caused by the national economy development are evaluated. They are based on the forecast of macroeconomic indices which are describing the dynamics of productive industry. The questions of adaptation of branches of economy to the climate change and rational use and protection of the atmospheric air, surface water, ground water, land resources and soil, vegetation, wild animals, species diversity and decision of the waste problem are examined. Tendencies of changes of the components of natural environment and the forecast impacts on them are revealed. The complex of priority measures with regard to prevention of the negative changes of environment is proposed.

S. V. Savchenko, S. E. Golovatiy, М. I. Petrova, Y. V. Xovrin
POLLUTION OF WATER-PRESERVING ZONE SOIL COVER OF SOZH RIVER IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE REGION. pp. 72-77

Summary: To estimate a modern ecologo-geochemical condition of a Sozh-River water-preserving area in zone of influence of an industrial objects, researches of a soil cover on the contents of heavy metals and mineral oil on the territory of the industrial enterprise of OJC "Gomeloboi" have been carried out. Researches of a soil cover on the territory of OJC "Gomeloboi" were carried out during the autumn-spring period of 2004-2005. Content of heavy metals in 37 samples of soil grounds and content of mineral oil in 50 samples are selected. For formation of the mixed sample the top 10...15 cm soil ground were used. As the estimation of a soil cover on heavy metal contents has shown, main pollutant of OJS "Gomeloboi" territory act as the basic Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd. Concentration of Cd increased in comparison with a background are observed in 85 % of the selected soil samples, Cu - 59, Pb - 56, Zn - in 41 %. Thus from 15 up to 56 % of tests have contents of the elements, exceeding maximum concentration limit (roughly allowable concentration). Contents of Ni, Cr, Co and Mn in investigated territory soils is below background values and maximum concentration limit. Calculation of a total parameter of pollution by Z_c has shown, that most of the investigated metals have an permissible pollution level with Z_c < 16 and ecological conditions of territory is classified as rather satisfactory. The estimation of mobile forms of metals has shown, that in 78...89 % of samples of Cu, Zn and Pb contents exceed maximum permissible levels. Mn exceeds allowable values in 33 % of samples. High values of mobile forms of Cd, Ni and Cr are observed only in separate samples of soil grounds tests. The share of mobile forms of metals from their total values for a part of the investigated elements high and averages for Cu - 77 %, Zn - 76, Mn - 64, Pb - 61 %. Cr, Ni, Co and Cd mobility is insignificant - from 18 up to 47 %. The carried out researches for a number of samples of heavy metals distribution on depth has shown, that in the majority of points of approbation downwards on a structure up to 30 cm depth the contents of elements remain constants. As an estimation of soil grounds on the contents of mineral oil has shown that the pollutant is fixed in all samples in concentrations which don't exceed roughly permissible concentration (50.0 mg/kg). Research of an opportunity of migration of mineral oil on soil has shown, that in 73 % of samples the maximal concentration of polluter are fixed on 0.5 m depth . The least contents of mineral oil characterizes horizon of 1,0 m, where a pollutant concentration is below background level. Taking into account the availability of soil pollution, during operation of objects on OJS "Gomeloboi" territory it is necessary to provide a number of protective actions preventing pollution access in surface and underground waters.

A. P. Gusev, A. S. Sokolov
THE INDICATORS OF ANTHROPOGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF BROAD-LEAVED FORESTS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF DNIEPER-SOZH LANDSCAPE DISTRICT). pp. 78-83

Summary: The results of studying of process of transformation of oak woods due to the influence of recreational loading are shown in the paper. Its size is proportional to distance from wood ecosystems to inhabited and recreational objects. Characteristics of three groups of the sample plots, differing by distance from these objects are compared in the work. There are non-broken oak groves, which almost are not influenced, average degree transformed oak groves, which have formed in the conditions of average intensity of recreational influence and tramping oak groves, which directly join the inhabited and recreational objects and are situated in the highest recreational influence conditions. Thus, characteristics of separate components of these communities can be used as indicators of state of ecosystems and of level of influence on it. The increase of recreational influence leads to disappearing of second tree layer and to the reduction of density of the first one. Age spectra of coenopopulations of trees change. The density of young growth and underbrush layer (which disappear in tramping oak groves) decreases. Species, which are typical in non-broken oak groves, are replaced by species, which are capable of vegetative reproduction: Populus tremula L., Betula pendula Roth., Rubus idaeus L. Changes in grass layer are represented by increasing of richness in species and change of typical forest species by meadow grasses, which begin to dominate in average degree transformed oak groves. In tramping communities the richness in species is decreased again, meadow grasses are changed by weeds, which are resistant to tramping. Ecological structure of grass layer is also changed to a marked degree. The share of heliophytes is increased and the share of sciophytes is decreased because of increasing of recreational influence, mesotrophic plants become to prevail over megatrophic, the changes in specrum of ecological groups whith reference to soil moisture are expressed in the process of xerophytisation. Except the indexes of separate layers, a complex indexes to indicate the recreational influence also may be used There is a biological spectrum of life form (the share of phanerophytes is decreased, hemicryptophytes become to dominate, the share of therophytes increases) and the representation of diagnostic species of different classes of vegetation by the classification of Braun-Blanquet in ecosystems.

A. N. Reshetnikova
THE FEATURES OF USAGE OF RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF LAKE-RIVER TERRITORIAL RECREATIONAL SISTEMS IN BELARUS. pp. 84-92

Summary: This article considers actual questions of tourism and recreation activities connected with inland water objects, which are the most important elements of recreational potential for domestic tourism in Belarus. The author investigates socio-geographical aspects of leisure activities management in principal areas of long- and short-term water recreation in Belarus including recreational zones of Braslav, Naroch and Zaslavl. The research of the structure of leisure activities are carried out and tourist preferences of different demographical groups are determined. The author examines degree of correspondence between preferences of tourists and the recreational potential and specialization of the tourism zones. Emerging contradictions of ecological and functional character are discovered. The aquatic complexes are the most attractive elements of 'lake-river' recreational systems as well as the main factor of territorial organization of tourist flows. Structural differences in leisure preferences for three considered recreational zones by their resource potentials are determined, as well as functional specialization and the purposes of tourists. Similarities in recreational preferences in analyzing zones for two principal forms of leisure presented by rest on the beach and hiking are discovered as well as considerable differences in active forms of leisure. The analysis of the existing tourism supply in the 'lake - river' recreational systems shows that the set of services offered to visitors not in full measure corresponds with the structure of demand and the resource potential of natural complexes. The supply structure in recreational zones based on inland reservoirs in Belarus requires modern innovation approaches to formation and promotion of tourism product.

Ecologically Safe and Resource-Saving Technology

T. I. Kukharchyk, S. V. Kakareka, V. S. Khomich, V. P. Suboch, E. N. Voropay, V. N. Chuduk, G. M. Bokaya
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN TECHNOGENIC SUBSTRATES. pp. 93-100

Summary: In the article the results of research of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in different types of technogenic substrates (solid wastes, residual bonfire ashes, sewage sludges) are given. 9 individual PCBs congeners (PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-118, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180 and PCB-203) were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detector. It is revealed that practically all technogenic substrates contain PCBs and are polluted in comparison with background soils. Among landfilled solid domestic and industrial wastes the highest PCB concentrations are revealed in ashes, collected on the sites of waste burning. This show that a variety of sources of PCBs entrance into landfills, including the possibility of PCBs formation directly on-site in cases of combustion processes exist. The highest content of 9 PCBs makes up 14...17 mg/kg. The PCB content 0.3...3.4 mg/kg is detected mostly often. PCBs are also detected in residual bonfire ashes. In addition, the highest PCB concentrations are revealed in ashes from domestic waste and automobile tires combustion (1.8...6.8 mg/kg). PCB concentration in residual ashes from wood/firewood combustion is relatively low: 0.03...0.4 mg/kg. The comparison of PCB level formation from open burning of wood and from wood combustion in residential furnaces was done. It was revealed, that PCB content in residual ash from bonfires and PCB content in fly ash from stack correlate very good. Substrates analyses have showed that during waste combustion predominantly highly-chlorinated biphenyls are formed, while during wood combustion - low-chlorinated. If the variety of combustible substrate increases, the complication of the chemical composition of PCB is quite vivid. Considerable variability of PCB concentrations in sewage sludge is detected, which points at the discrete nature of the sources of these combinations in time and space. High PCB concentration found in particular in sewage sludge storage reservoirs at Minsk and in Orsha indicate a potential danger of PCB accumulation in sewage sludge, primarily in large cities and industrial centers, where PCB-containing electrical equipment is used and PCB leakages are possible. PCB in sewage sludge are represented most often by low-chlorinated biphenyls, mainly trichlorobiphenyls.

A. K. Gorbunov
TECHNOLOGICAL BASES FOR ECOLOGY FRIENDLY PASTES PRODUCTION FROM PEAT PROCESSED PRODUCTS TO PROTECT PLANTS FROM STEAM ROTS. pp. 101-103

Summary: Republic of Belarus possesses great peat resources reserves, which are intensively explored to obtain fuel for power engineering, communal household sector, organic fertilizers and ameliorants in agriculture. However it is an organic fossil for chemical processing. Its new trend of utilization is chemical processing resulting in plants protective means from diseases. By the Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use and Ecology National Academy of Science of Belarus along with the Institute for Plants Protection National Academy of Science of Belarus ecology-friendly pastes with biological efficiency against steam infections have been designed. As a part of biologically active ingredients of these pastes, a previously designed by the Institute for Problems of Natural Resource Use and Ecology National Academy of Science of Belarus preparations "Sphagnin" and "Sphagnodublin" of fungicidal and bactericidal features are used. The article describes technological ways of the pastes production. They have been shown to be based on standard equipment use and require no great power resource use. The preparation composition, except for biologically active matters, have technical glue and chalk as well as water in definite ratios. These pastes results like plants protection means against gray rot in industrial conditions have been provided. It was revealed that new plants protection means that are used as pastes have high efficiency while protecting plants on the same level with imported chemical means which are not at all friendly to the environment .

Economics of Nature Management

O. S. Shimova, S. V. Kreidich
METODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ESTIMATING THE ECOLOGIZATION OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. pp. 104-111

Summary: The article opens up the essence of the process of ecologization of economic development . The review of the opinions of famous scientists regarding this conception is presented. The definition of the ecologization is given by the authors. The criteria and methodic trying to estimate the ecologization are proposed. The authors assume that ecologization can be defined as a process of quantitative and qualitative reconstruction of man's activity with the purpose to minimize a negative influence on the environment. Two types of ecology-economics figures are proposed in the article: first - indices of anthropogenic influence, and second - figures of the economy's nature capacity, directly showing parameters of specific natural resources consumption and specific values of the environment contaminations. The analysis of some ecology-economical' figures in Belarus within the period of 1995-2004 is the evidence of the improvement of ecological situation in the republic in general. But we cannot judge about ecologization degree of our economy. It can be estimated only with the help of comparing figures in our economy with other countries. Comparing the same figures of anthropogenic influence and nature capacity in Belarus and neighboring countries - Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland showed a higher degree of the ecologization of the economy in Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (the members of EU). The conclusion consists of the recommendation about a necessity of further research work considers methodological and methodic basis of estimating the ecologization with the help of total figures.

I. Dzeraviaha, O. Varapaeva
THE ECONOMIC ESTIMATION OF ECOLOGICAL RISKS IN FORESTRY. pp. 112-122

Summary: In connection with constant increase of the natural calamities and anthropogenic impacts on forest ecosystems, the problem of the creation of the effective system of ecological risk-management has become an actual one. One of the important in this list is the estimation of the problem. The result of realization of ecological risk in forestry, as a rule, are losses, connected with the loss, damage or reduction in the productivity of forests, damage, applied to fauna and flora, and also additional expenditures related to liquidation of negative consequences. Ecological risk is characterized by two parameters: by the probability of realization and by damage from the unfavorable consequences. Calculation of probability, as a rule, is carried out on the basis of generalization of statistical data with the use of probability theory. When identifying the damage it is expedient to speak not only about the loss of some quantity of product at the fixed age, but about the loss of time period, needed to achieve the age of ripeness, in when the timber is to be withdraw. It is necessary in this situation, in our opinion, to use capital estimation of forest resources as the basis for determining the damage. From this position forest resources as a part of natural capital are the sources of many economic and social-ecological welfare. The calculation of the social-ecological value of forests will be calculated with the use of the lowered value of discount coefficient. According to the represented methodic, we developed a model, which enables calculating a damage, applied to forest resources by fires. The calculations were realized on the basis of this model for tree-plants, formed by basic wood-forming species of Belarus. The work presents the results of evaluating economic damage to forests as a result of the realization of ecological risk (based on the example of fires), calculated on the basis of reduction in the capital estimation of resource minus already obtained net income from the forest using, and also with consideration of expenditures, related to the liquidation of a certain calamity.

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