Natural Resources, 2006, No.4

PRIRODNYE RESURSY (Natural Resources) Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Number 4; 2006

CONTENTS

Climatic Resources

Zh. V. Shnyparkova
THE FACTORS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHANNEL PROCESSES OF RIVER NIEMEN WITHIN THE BOUNDS OF BELARUS. pp. 5-12

Summary: The direction of channel processes of the Neman at present is defined by the peculiarities of water consumption, wide development of sandy sediments and cutting end moraine blocs, and also depends on modern movement of earth's crust of the river basin. Above Schara's mouth the Neman is situated mainly in condition of dynamic balance, down by the stream an important role in channel processes is played by incised river, dynamic districts multiply and difficulty are changed here with the districts, where the depth of valley by ingrown channel occurs. In circle of plan deformations of upper stream of the Niemen (higher as mouth of Berezina) a domination of longitudinal-transversal changing of bends, formation of their looping forms and straightforwardness due to both direction of washing out of banks is characterized; other districts of wide-speed bending channel are characterized with transformation of segmental bends. Straightening of stream occurs here in those cases, when segmental bends are joined into big meanders of complex form, and also at forced stream less. At down stream a channel is cut inside, no horizontal deformation is observed. A variety of morphogenetic conditions of Niemen basin determined its division into regions (Ussa and Losha's confluence - Berezina's mouth; Berezina's mouth - Ditva's mouth; Ditva's mouth - Schara's mouth; Schara's mouth - Kotra's mouth; Kotra's mouth - Gozhka's mouth), differing by the structure character of river valleys, the expansion of morphodynamical types of channel, hydromorphological characteristics, the intensity and orientation of channel deformations. Wide floodplain channel makes up 80 % of the length of the river, its internal differentiation forms the following hierarchical sequence: meandering - 45 %, relatively rectilinear - 29 %, ramified - 6 %. Non-developed narrow channel makes 20 % from the length of the river, and out of it 6 % are twisting, 13 % - relatively rectilinear and 1 % - ramified. As the result of researches, the complex scheme of river Niemen channel mode is developed.

Biological Resources

R. I. Sachok, H. A. Kamyshenka
A TIME ASSESSMENT OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS BIOEFFICIENCY DETERMINATION FACTORS. pp. 13-24

Summary: In this article the results of performance of time estimation of natural and anthropogenic factors influence on bioefficiency of crops (winter rye, barley, oats, potatoes, corn on silage), cultivated in Belarus are given. The researches are executed on the extensive factographic basis covering the period 1960-2003 at the administrative areas level and country as a whole. Three mutually independent groups of factors, playing a major role in the formation of bioefficiency of agroecosystems are considered: parameters of soil quality conditions, climatic factors (air temperature and atmospheric precipitation), agriculture level (entering of mineral and organic fertilizers). The temporary estimation of bioefficiency determination factors of agroесоsystems was carried out by methods of coupled, multiple and initial correlations. As a measure of connection between variables, the factors of correlation, according to the estimation methods are used. Thus, on the value of determination factor the conclusions about a share of variability-dependence of a bioefficiency of crops from independent variable - factors are made. As a result, the generalized interval time estimations with shares of variability of bioefficiency in percentage are obtained: the soil parameters provide 25 %, climatic factor - 36 %, mineral and organic fertilizers - 39 %. The feature of the research presented is not only a large variety of correlation and regression circuits of factors estimation, influencing crops productivity, exhausting number of possible variants, but also explanation (interpretation) of reasons, a multiregularity of factors themselves. The last is revealed through generalization of different analysis circuits and results interpretation complication.

Nature Management

M. A. Gatikh, V. A. Rybak, M. B. Grishchenko, T. N. Sochneva
THE PURPOSE AND STRUCTURE PRINCIPLES OF THE AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CADASTRE INFORMATION ABOUT THE STATE AND USE OF NATURE RESOURCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS (AIS "CADASTRES"). pp. 25-31

Summary: The functional structure of informational system is described including main topical, informational and analytical and program blocs to realize functions of information management and other data about nature resources use in the Republic of Belarus. Instructional and methodical recommendation for analysis and assessment of duality state of atmospheric air, land and water and biological resources are suggested taking into consideration all main techogenic loads from main pollution sources. Digital information collection data has been done according to 11 databases reflecting qualitative and quantitative indicators of the nature resource potential in the administrative territories of Belarus. A complex of mathematical models to analyze and estimate main ecological areas (water, air, land and biological recourses) by aggregated index including all influence factors (coefficients and PDK) is created. The complex aggregated index for ranging the areas in a city, industrial center, district and country is developed. AIS software is created by Borland Delphi 7.0 with the newest net applications. As SUBD, a MySQL is used which helps to perform all function we need in short time. Software also helps to realize, to form and to support data ware to solve environment tasks by the Ministry.

V. Yu. Ageyets, M. I. Autushkа, E. G. Saraseko, N. V. Strelchyk
ABOUT AGRONOMICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF CARBONATE TRIPOLI OF SТALNOYE DEPOSIT. pp. 32-41

Summary: The field investigations carried out by the authors were aimed at revealing and comparative evaluation of agronomical effect resulted from application of carbonate tripoli additions of the Stalnoye deposit as well as of standard dolomite powder while cultivating perennial cereal grasses on the low-thick peaty-gley soil. The information obtained proves that tripoli in comparison to dolomite powder, exert more significant influence on agronomical soil's quotients (increases the content of exchange calcium and mobile forms of potassium; decreases acidity of soil medium), and also promotes the reducing of the concentration of phosphorus in plants up to the optimum level. The application of tripoli provides for significant increase of grasses productivity without additional bringing in chemical and organic fertilizers. It is shown, that increased carbonate content of tripoli in Belarussian deposits is an important agronomical factor, allowing to use tripoli as a liming resource, which not only more efficiently decreases the acidity of soil, in comparison with dolomite powder, but stimulates the increase of chemical silicon mobility in soil, and in that way predetermines the properties of tripoli as a soil ameliorative component of complex influence. At the same time, the investigation stated that many soil-chemical regularities, which could explain the essence and mechanisms of complex and agronomy-effective influence of tripoli on soil environment, remain unstudied up to nowadays. Therefore, prospects of tripoli usage in farming industry though causing no doubt, but require specification of conditions, successions and forms of its brining into various soil composition and for different agricultural crops.

O. S. Belyakova
PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE AND FEATURES OF GREEN ZONE AROUND MINSK. pp. 42-51

Summary: Green zones around settlements are created with the purpose to improve ecological state of towns, to organize inhabitants rest, to improve climate, hygiene and sanitary conditions of the area. The green zone around Minsk was created in 1945 and included primarily 39,6 thousand hectares forests of first group in a radius of 30 kilometers around the city. But area of green zone has been revised and enlarged because of increasing population of city, extension of industrial potential and worsening of sanitary state of air basin. Now the green zone has radius of 80 kilometers and consists of two parts: forest-park zone directly around the city and forest-economy zone. The article includes the review of physical-geographical features of the green zone of Minsk. It is situated in two physical-geographical regions - Minsk Highlands and Plain of Central-Berezina, in one geomorfological region - Highlands and Plains of Central Belarus, with relation to hydrological zoning the main part of the zone is located in the basin of the Berezina, according to agricultural and soil zoning, the green zone is included into Oshmyano-Minsky region, according to geobotanical zoning, the main part of zone is included into the Oshmyano-Minsky district of oak-conifer forests zone. The description of Minsk green zone with relation to nature zoning has been done with purpose to analyze nature conditions and resources of the territory, this information will be used in the development of recommendations on wise use and protection of green zone.

O. V. Lukashev, N. V. Zhukovskaya
RETROSPECTIVE ESTIMATION OF HEAVY METALS SOIL AND VEGETATION POLLUTION IN VITEBSK. pp. 52-58

Summary: The approbation of superficial soils horizon (0...10 cm) and leaves (needles) of plants (leaves Betula pendula Roth, Populus alba L., Tilia cordata Mill., Picea abies Karst needles.), distributed on the territory of Vitebsk, was carried out in 1990. The pollution of the specified natural objects by chemical elements - metals during this period as a whole carried moderate character. Basic pollutants of soils were Cr, Ni, Cu and Pb, vegetation - Cr, Zn, Pb. In comparison with a local geochemical background the city soils on the average were enriched Cr 1,6 times, B, Ni, Cu, Y, Pb - 1,3...1,4 times. The concentration of Pb higher maximal tolerance levels in 13 % of tests,V - 0,6 %, Ni - 0,4 %, Cu - in 0,2 % of tests were established. The average value of a parameter of total soils pollution made 7. Soils on the most part of the city were characterized by an allowable pollution level (Z_c < 16), the moderately dangerous level (16...32) is found out in 4,5 %, dangerous (more 32) - less than in 1 % of cases. The city's industrial functional zone in comparison with "by city as a whole" was statistically authentically specific witrh (contents above the average) accumulation in soils of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Y and Pb, inhabited zone - accumulation of B, Ti, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu and Y. Agroinhabited and recreational zones are characterized by the lowered contents of Cr, Co, Yin soils, whereas for the country side - B, Ti, Cu, Ga, Y и Pb. The increased Zn and Pb concentrations in leaves of Betula pendula Roth, Cr, Co, Pb - in leaves of Tilia cordata Mill are established. The total contents of elements in superficial soil horizon with the appropriate contents in vegetation did not correlate. The distinctions of average parameters of chemical elements contents in the tested kinds of plants of various functional zones in comparison with "by city as a whole" in most cases were statistically doubtful. The exception was made by average concentration of Ti, V, Pb (the contents is above the average) in leaves of Betula pendula Roth of an industrial zone and Pb (contents below the average) in leaves of Tilia cordata Mill. and Populus alba L. of agroinhabited zone. At repeated realization of similar researches the characterized data allow to consider the tendencies of change of Vitebsk urban environment status for the past period.

O. Savich-Shemet, I. Kocur
ECOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF URBANIZED TERRITORIES (ON EXAMPLE OF MINSK'S GENERAL PLAN). pp. 59-67

Summary: Within the framework of Minsk's General plan the basic town-planning rules for building basic types of functional city zones are determined. The ecological contents have: the rules B (6-th type of parameters including ecological standard ) and rules D (zones of landscape-ecological regulation, zones of nature protection, sanitary - protective zones, zones of adverse ecological conditions, zones of adverse geological and hydro-geological development conditions). The analysis of Ecological model, the Schemes of ecological corridors and Schemes of ecological rules of Minsk have shown, that they are insufficiently coordinated among themselves, and even on separate sites contradict each other. The Ecological model of the city has not found complete reflection in the Scheme of ecological corridors, and the Scheme of ecological rules does not take into account rules of ecological corridors. Formation of Minsk uniform ecological skeleton and the adjoining grounds has been offered, similar to the experience of the advanced countries at the present ecologization stage. Components of ecological territory skeleton are its ecosystems with an individual mode of wildlife management for the separate sites, forming spatially organized management structure which supports ecological stability of a territory, a healthy biotope and prevents biotic variety loss and landscapes degradation. Introduction of ecological skeleton in the city General plan does not mean refusal of other existing forms of territorial wildlife management but represents their development and integration. It assumes the minimal reorganization of existing structures through strengthening a management efficiency and reducing expenses. Such measure as ecological skeleton, corresponds to a modern level of loading on natural environment and is capable to prevent its destruction. For Minsk the concept of ecological skeleton should become the proved and documentary determined unit, i. e. it should have precise frameworks and legislative rendition.

M. A. Eresko
EVALUATION OF ACID-BASE BUFFERING CAPACITY OF PEAT-BOG SOILS OF BELARUS AIMED AT RATIONAL NATURE MANAGEMENT PURPOSES. pp. 68-76

Summary: Buffering capacity is a very important soil property. Due to this capacity it is possible to resist the influence of external negative factors. It is also a criterion of evaluation of the landscape stability during anthropogenic loading increase. Those soils have a high level of buffering capacity which are rich in organic matter and minerals from fine-dispersed fractions and which contain enough amount of carbonated material and saturated foundations. Buffer state of alluvial, lowland and high-moor peat-bog soils and also bog-podzol was studied. A lab experiment was made by continuous potentiometric titration. Intensity of buffer (total and for pH intervals) and buffer capacity on the basis of results have been calculated. The first characterizes a specific buffer capacity. The second reflects buffer capacity resources. Formation of the buffer capacity of organic soils is determined by qualitative and quantitative composition of organic matter. Diverse buffer mechanisms work in different pH intervals during acidification or alkalization due to variety of organic substances. Both water-soluble matters and solid phase of soil are creating a buffer state. It was determined that lowland and alluvial peat-bog soils are the most buffering to acidification and alkalization. So their total intensity of buffer capacity is 6...8 and 4...6 smol H+/kg pH respectively. Relatively low buffering capacity was marked for high-moor peat-bog soils and bog-podzol. It is equal only to 2...4 smol H+/kg pH due small organic matter quality and low degree of base saturation of the absorbing complex. In general, organic soils have a high specific buffer capacity as compared with mineral soils. It is due to the fact that organic matter buffer state is much more higher than that of mineral components. But mineral soils surpass the peat-bog in buffering resources on account of low density of the latter. The buffer capacity of alluvial and lowland peat-bog soils is approximately equal to the same parameter of the soddy-podzolic soil on morainic loam or loamy-sanding soddy-podzolic swamping in different degree and it is substantially lower than in soddy-pale-podzolic soils. The unstable in the conditions of acidic load landscapes prevail in the Republic of Belarus The stability of the landscape of Belarus is very low in cases of acidification. Nature-territorial complexes, resistant to alkalization conditions dominate everywhere.

Ecologically Safe and Resource-Saving Technology

N. E. Sosnovskaya, A. S. Samsonova, A. E. Tomson, A. A. Terentyev †
IMPACT OF PEAT COMPONENTIAL COMPOSITION ON ITS OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS ABSORPTION ABILITY. pp. 77-82

Summary: The article covers researches of peat organic matter components impact on its sorption features regarding oil and water. A botanical composition and peat decomposition rate on its sorption features are shown. The peat absorbing ability regarding oil and water decreases along with humic acids rise and reduction of water-soluble and easy-hydrolyzed matters, i. e. along with decomposition rate increase. Peat removal from both the peat and extracted cotton grass results in 2...5 fold considerable water-absorbing decrease. A tendency towards the bulk density reduction and increase of oil absorption is observed. An increase of water absorption 1,3...3,0 times and oil absorption 1,1...1,4 times has been revealed when water-soluble and easy-hydrolyzed matters are being removed from the extracted out of them cotton grass-sphagnum, cotton grass peat and cotton grass. As for the sphagnum peat, when water-soluble, easy-hydrolyzed and humic matters are removed, a water and oil absorption decrease 5,5...3,0 times has been stated, and thus a bulk density increases greatly, being a fact to form a more compact structure and the material packing up. The diversification in absorbing capacity when water-soluble and easy-hydrolyzed matters from samples of sphagnum, cotton grass-sphagnum and cotton grass peat and their cotton grass are removed is stipulated by its structure. Acid cotton grass treatment does not change its longitudinal structure, and cavities, formed at the hydrolysis due to the matters removal, are divided by a shell and may serve as an extra capacities to absorb liquids. The removal of peat hydrophilic component, presented by humic matters, results in its structure compactness and abrupt sorption capacity decrease regarding oil and water.

A. R. Tsyganov, I. R. Vildflush, A. E. Томson, G. A. Sokolov, M. N. Kal, O. V. Poddubnaya, O. A. Poddubniy
EFFICIENCY OF APPLICATION OF ORGANIC-MINERAL AMELIORANTS FOR SOILS DETOXICATION AND REDUCTION OF HEAVY METALS ACCUMULATION IN PLANT PRODUCTION ON POLLUTED SODDY-PODZOLIC SOILS. pp. 83-90

Summary: The paper is devoted to the study of organic-mineral composite ameliorants, having increased sorption properties and ability to reduce mobility of heavy metals in soil when applying them for soil detoxication and reducing heavy metals accumulation in plants on polluted soils. The researches were carried out in small-plot experiments with a potatoes and summer triticale, vegetative experiments with salad and in 40 hectares production field in agricultural enterprise "Veyno" of Mogilyov region with potatoes on polluted by heavy metals soddy-podzolic soil. The efficiency of action of organic-mineral ameliorants made on the basis of peat, sapropel and mineral balancing additives was studied in comparison with traditional agronomical technique. It was revealed that under the influence of organic-mineral materials applied on soddy-podzolic clay loam soils ( polluted hardly by heavy metals) the mobility of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd was reduced 2,0; 1,7 and 1,8 times accordingly. Application of organic-mineral ameliorant in small-plots experiments with potatoes and summer triticale lead to the reduction of accumulation of Pb in potato tubers by 50,3 %, Cd - by 67,8 % and in triticale grain by 28 %. Application of new ameliorating materials resulted in reduction of copper accumulation by salad plants 1,7; zinc - 2,0, lead - 2,1 and cadmium 1,7 times in comparison with checked variant. Productivity of potatoes on basic variant in agricultural enterprise "Veyno" has made 180 double centners per hectare and on introduced variant - 3,0 ton more. The average tuber weight in new variant was 16 grams higher and the share of large size tubers by 9 % higher than in basic one. The average decrease of heavy metals content in potato tubers of the recommended variant reached from 20 % to 45 % or 32,8 % on the average in comparison with basic technology.

L. E. Kartyzhova
ECOLOGY-FRIENDLY HIGH-EFFICIENT MICROBE-VEGETATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT.pp. 91-98

Summary: Soil is a biological filter and a mediator to relate lithosphere and phyto-agrocenosis. Lithosphere contains unlimited resources of biogenic elements supplied in soil with ground waters or via branched mycelial network. Microorganisms transform biogenic elements into less mobile molecular forms and maintain thereby soil properties called fertility. Both physiological activity and total number of microorganisms (biogenecity) and species composition are the subject of self - regulation, rather than mechanic response to medium conditions. Increase of soil biological activity by introducing beneficial rhizobial microflora, ecology-friendly and able to consume natural resources, particularly biological atmospheric nitrogen, into agrobiocenoses of legume crops is a relevant and potentially energy-saving biotechnology. Environmental aspects of applying processes for efficient utilization of biological nitrogen by plant-microbial association acquire top priority for animal breeding, crop cultivation, food industry, medicine. The completed investigations aimed at studying the efficiency of ecology-friendly agrotechnical method - introduction of active strains of nodulating bacteria Rhizobium galegae into sod-podzol soils of Belarus upon inoculation of Galega orientalis Lam. seeds showed significance of this technique to enhance plant-microbial interaction. Efficiency evaluation of using collection strains and their reisolates as inocula was carried out under laboratory conditions. Effect of introduced active strains of nodulating bacteria Rh. galegae and their reisolates on functioning of microbial cenoses in sod-podzol soils of Minsk and Mogilev regions was examined. Symbiotic activity of Rh. galegae strains applied as inoculants was determined, their specificity towards host varieties was defined and ratio in resident diazotrophic microbiota was estimated. It was found that inoculation of Galega. orientalis seeds with tested microbial strains promotes efficient plant-microbial interaction resulting in increased yields of green biomass, dry matter and crude protein content.

Chronicle

V. F. Loginov
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE DEVOTED, TO THE FUTURE OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE. pp. 98

V. F. Loginov
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ISSUES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SECURITY. pp. 99

BIBLIOGRAPHIC INTERDEPARTMENTAL BULLETIN "NATURAL RESOURCES" FOR 2006. pp. 100-102