Natural Resources, 2007, No.2

PRIRODNYE RESURSY (Natural Resources) Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Number 2; 2007

CONTENTS

Climatic Resources

J. A. Dmitrenkova
TEMPORAL CHANGEABILITY OF VEGETATIVE SEASON AIR TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION QUANTITY IN THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS. pp. 5-11

Summary: In the article the climatic indices changes in vegetative season months in the territory of Belarus from 1960 to 2003 were considered. Calculated air temperatures and precipitation sums for regions in April - September with mean values of many years (norms) were compared. The frequency of differing by quantity and sign temperature and wetting anomalies were determined; the peculiarities of their temporal (inner - and inter-year) and regional distribution were revealed. The years with essential climatic indices deviations from the norm were established. The research results showed, that in the greater part of Belarus positive temperature anomalies prevail in April - May and August, and negative in July and September. Approximately the same probability of higher and lower air temperature is characteristic to June. In all regions the greatest recurrence of precipitation negative deviations sum from climatic norm in vegetative months period is observed. The main part of air temperature anomalies in April - September relates to the interval from -3,0 С to 4,0 С, of precipitation quantity - from -60 mm to 60 mm. More considerable air temperature deviations for temporal cuts were registered in 1963-1965, 1975-1983 and 1990-2003. Great deviations of monthly precipitation sums from the norm are mainly specific to 1971-1986 and 1990-2000.

Water Resources

M. Petrova
ТHE ESTIMATION OF A PRESENT-DAY HIDROCHEMICAL CONDITIONS OF LAKE - RECEIVERS OF SEWAGE IN THE BORDERS OF BELARUSIAN POOZHERIE. pp. 12-19

Summary: The main objective of this article was to investigate a present-day chemical composition of lakes water caused by intensive anthropogenic influence. The objects of analysis were eight lakes in the borders of Poozerskoe glaciations (Bolshoe, Orekhovskoe, Kagalnoe, Liadno, Miorskoe, Nezhlivo, Rossono, Senno and Chernoe). The data of chemical composition of lakes water for 2001-2006 were analyzed in this article. Hydro-chemical qualitative characteristics were combined into four groups. The "Main macrocomponents" group includes such characteristics as contents of calcium, magnesium, sulfate and chlorides; the "Organic and biogenic matter" group - BOD, and also contents of phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen; the "Artificial compounds" group - mineral oil, phenol; the "Metals" group - iron, zinc, copper. Averaged figures were compared with background values, and with established stan-dards. An excess of background values was registered in water of all investigated lakes (with one exception - Nezhlivo): content of calcium - 1,5...1,8 times, magnesium - 1,5...2,2 times, sulfate - 1,5...4,6 times, chlorides - 1,8...6,9 times, ammonia nitrogen - 2,1...6,3 times, nitrite nitrogen - 2,5...12,0 times. As a result of the excess of the established standards for contents of organic matter (BOD - 1...4 MPC), biogenic elements (ammonia nitrogen - 1...4 MPC, nitrite nitrogen - 1...2 MPC), artificial compounds (mineral oil - 1...3 MPC), metals (iron - 1...2 MPC, zinc - 1...5 MPC, copper - 1...7 MPS) in water of foregoing lakes, utilization of their water resources has serious limitation. Hemotransformation of natural lakes water resulted in the increase of minerals concentration in them (mostly due to sulfate and chlorides), the rise of concentration of biogenic and organic matter (phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen) and in water pollution with specific compounds such as mineral oil. Among the lakes under investigation the most contaminated water had lakes Kagalnoe and Liadno. The minimal level of hemotransformation characterized lake Nezhlivo.

Nature Management

S. V. Кakareka, A. V. Malchykhina, A. V. Krylovich
SOURCES AND LEVELS OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS. pp. 20-32

Summary: The paper describes an assessment of particulate emission on the territory of Belarus. Ecological importance of particulate in ambient air is shown. Analysis of statistical data on particulate emission has been made. According to the data of Ministry on Statistics and Analysis total particulate emissions from stationary sources amounted in 2004 41.91 thou. tons. 27 % of stationary emissions comprises combustion processes emissions, 73 % - technological emissions. Mobile sources emissions accounted 27,2 thou. tons. It has been shown that a lot of PM emission sources are not inventoried. Among them are - agricultural processes, domestic sector, some transport sectors. A very important information on specified particulate emission for instance PM10 and PM2.5 has been obtained. Methods on supplement of emission data have been discussed. As a useful tool, the RAINS model of International Institute on Applied Systems Analysis is considered. This model allows to estimate specified particulate emission, to generate emission projections and estimate abatement costs. In the paper, the RAINS model was used to estimate PM10 and PM2.5 emissions in Belarus. Parameterisation of the model was made. Necessary input information was collected. According to the estimates total PM emission in Belarus amounts 90.98 thou. tons (21.87 thou. tons more than according to statistics), PM10 emission - 31.6 thou. tons, PM2.5 - 22.9 thou. tons. Main contribution to PM emission is made by fuel combustion processes in energy, communal, industrial and domestic sectors, some industrial processes, processes in agriculture. Comparison of estimates with statistical data and earlier assessments were made. Compared with PM estimates made within international projects (CEPMEIP, EMEP, CIAM), estimates made are much more sound. Contribution of Belarus to European PM emissions was estimated. It was concluded that total input of sources on the territory of Belarus to European PM emissions amounts 2...2.5 %. On the whole it can be concluded that assessment allows to raise significantly the level of completeness and accuracy of PM estimates. But some sources are of significant uncertainty. First of all this concerns agriculture, mobile sources, domestic sector. Some sources like forest and peat fires are not registered yet. Great work should be done in future to raise the quality of PM emission assessments. They will include experimental testing of PM emission sources, emission factors generation, emission abatement technologies.

V. V. Usenia, E. N. Katkova
FOREST FIRES IN BELARUS AND THEIR AFTERMATH MINIMIZATION. pp. 33-40

Summary: Forests are unique natural resources of great economic, social and environmental value. Forest fires exert an adverse effect on the condition and dynamics of biogeocoenoses, deteriorate the qualitative composition of forest fund and thereby inflict extensive material and environmental damage to the state. In the present study a survey of fire frequency index, fire protection of woods in Belarus and efficiency of equipping of the forest fund with fire-extinguishing means is made. It has been found that the percentage of forest land disturbed by fire and fire frequency index still remain rather high despite larger expenses on fire-control measures in the years 1997-2006. The past ten years have witnessed more than 22 thousand fires in forested areas (over 40 thousand hectares). The pyrogenic factor of fires of different type and intensity is responsible for fire-damaged forests and burnt areas that call for adequate silvicultural practices to minimize fire aftermath. To eliminate negative consequences of a forest fire and to guard against any possibility of increasing losses, good use could be made of promising methods for diagnosing post-fire condition and increasing sustainability and productivity of a fire-damaged forest/burnt area. In regeneration terms, the burnt areas occurring in the Belarus forest fund, including those in radiation-contaminated areas, can be classified into several categories based on their distinctive features. It has been found that the percentage of burnt areas in conifer associations is more than 86 percent, more than 32 percent occurring in habitat А2 (the most widespread and fire-endangered Pinetum pleuroziosum and Pinetum callunosum). Measures for regeneration of the burnt areas with economically valuable timber species to be taken to conserve the natural complex of the country, enhance sustainability and conserve biological diversity of forest ecosystems should be regarded as the most vital.

L. N. Ryabova, N. V. Mikhalchuk, S. N. Veremchuk
INFLUENCE OF DRAINAGE RECLAMATION ON THE GEOCHEMICAL AND AQUEOUS-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FROM DEPRESSION-CALCAREOUS COMPLEXES OF THE BREST POLESIE AREA. pp. 41-52

Summary: The paper describes the geochemical and aqueous-physical properties of soils of non-reclaimed and reclaimed acquired and partly acquired lands from depression-calcareous complexes of the Brest Polesie area. Soil and ground water were determined to be hydro-carbonate-calcium in the studied region. Its average content of hydrocarbonate ions varies from 160 to 268 mg/l, calcium - from 85 to 115, and the total salt content - from 378 to 506 mg/l. When the land reclamation degree is increased, the groundwater salt content increases too. Soddy-calcareous soils of depression-island complexes confined to the upper and slope parts of the soil sequence are described by the low-alkaline or alkaline reaction, are 100 percent base-saturated and show the average oxidation-reduction potential of 410 mV. Peaty-gley soils of depressions are peculiar in nearly neutral and acidic reaction (pH 4.8...6.5), the exchange hydrogen values of the soil absorbing complex of peat horizons being as high as 50...57 me/100 g in reclaimed lands and not exceeding 21 me/100g in virgin lands. The carbonate content of soil from the upper parts of the soil sequences may be more than 50 % and on the average is 1.3 times their content of slope soil. At the same time soils of slopes are enriched in organic compounds, exchange Ca2++Mg2+ and iron due to surface runoff and lateral supply, these are lighter than slope soil in the volume weight. In the post-reclamation period the carbonate accumulation zone is radially enlarged in soils of island elevations: deep into the profile due to groundwater level decrease and corresponding carbonation boundary shift, and toward the day surface because of intensive precipitation moisture evaporation from the carbonate aquiclude. In reclaimed acquired soddy-calcareous and peaty-gley soils the organic matter and exchange base contents decrease, the values of volume weight and oxidation-reduction potential increase. In soddy-calcareous soils of slopes and peaty-gley soils of depressions the content of bulk iron and its mobile forms is increased which is indicative of the recent material migration processes.

A. B. Torbenko, A. N. Galkin, I. A. Krasovskaya, A. D. Timoshkova
TECHNOGENY AS FACTOR OF ECOLOGICAL VARIATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF VITEBSK. pp. 53-60

Summary: An integrated geoecological assessment of Vitebsk territory was carried out taking into account the peculiarities and dynamics of its natural and technogenic components. The main factors that determine an ecological situation of the town territory as a complicated economic and natural complex which started forming 1 000 years ago were determined. The changes in the climate of the town and its outskirts that took place during the previous 50 years as well as the role of their aftermath in stability of natural and technical town system were analyzed. Modern geological and geomorphologic processes were considered. It was established that the most common changes of geoecological environment caused by technogenic loading are changes in a subsoil water level, pollution of ground water and soil with industrial sewage, deformation of the earth surface, activation of hillside processes. The role of natural and technogenic factors in the development of ravine erosion, landslides on the territory of Vitebsk was analyzed. The quantitative characteristic of the modern ravine net on the town territory was done. A brief analysis of anthropogenic influence on surface water within the town territory has been made. It has been proved that their condition is determined by climate changes and technogenic influence. The present condition of underwater as a town main water-supply source was assessed. Ecological situation in the urban-industrial environment was studied and the main pollution sources were revealed. A brief assessment of ecological state of soil in the town was given and the influence of acoustic and electromagnetic field on geoecological situation in Vitebsk was studied. The most unfavourable in this respect town districts and reasons for undesirable ecological changes were determined. The obtained results lay the foundation for the development of suggestions on engineering and economic use of the territory.

Protected Objects of Nature

O. V. Lukashov, N. V. Zhukovskaja, S. V. Savchenko
GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF LANDSCAPES OF THE NATIONAL PARK "BRASLAV LAKES". pp. 61-66

Summary: In the article results of ecology-geochemical investigation of the territory of National park "Braslav Lakes" are put as a basis. The genera of landscapes as basic landscape units to investigate chemical elements distribution were used. Studies were carried out in the summer period of 1999-2000 and included sampling of the surface soil horizon and needle Pinus sylvestris L. on a net 2x2 km. Total contents of B, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zr, Ba, Pb in soils and B, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ba, Pb in plants were determined by emissive spectral method. Results of studies were processed by mathematical statistic methods with use of a package of statistical programs SPSS 12.0. The originality of landscape pattern of the park at the level of genera of landscapes is determined by the combination in its limits of high kame-moraine-lacustrine and hilly-moraine-lacustrine, middle high water-glacial with lakes and moraine-lacustrine, and also low lacustrine-glacial landscapes. The carried out studies have shown that great landscape distinctions in the concentration of the majority of chemical elements in soils and needle of Pinus sylvestris L. are not observed. However the specific tendencies, characteristic to each genus of landscapes are traced. The majority of the studied elements in soils of high kame-moraine-lacustrine and middle high water-glacial with lakes landscapes is within the limits of average values for the National park. A series of elements, for example, Ti, Cr, Cu, Zr in kame-moraine-lacustrine landscapes, has low concentrations. For middle elevated moraine-lacustrine and high hilly-moraine-lacustrine landscapes the spectrum of the elements collected on the surface soil horizons is expanded and individual for each genus of landscapes. The greatest quantity of elements (B, Ti, V, Ni, Zr, Ba) is concentrated in soils of low lacustrine-glacial landscapes. Concentration of elements in needle of Pinus sylvestris L. is marked for high kame-moraine-lacustrine, middle high moraine-lacustrine and low lacustrine-glacial landscapes. Increased contents of elements in plants of middle high water-glacial landscapes practically is not observed. The concentrations of Ti, Fe and Pb are below the average value on the National park. The dependence between the concentration of chemical elements in surface horizon of soils A1 and needle of Pinus sylvestris L. is not traced. On the basis of data obtained for each genus of landscapes a geochemical index of soils and plants has been calculated.

Normative Base of Nature Management

Yu. L. Shevtsov, N. С. Shevtsova
THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CODIFICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL LEGISLATION IN REPUBLIC BELARUS AND OTHER COUNTRIES. pp. 67-75

Summary: The article is devoted to some problems of the comparative analysis of codification of ecological legislation of the Republic of Belarus and acting ecological codes of other countries: Republic Kazakhstan, France, Sweden. The necessity to systematize by codification of acts of legislation of the Republic of Belarus in the sphere of preservation of the environment is stipulated by significant number of normative legal acts, globalization of problems of preservation of the environment and rational use of natural resources, the tendency of ecologization of all spheres of economic activities of the humanity. The concept, prospective structure and the contents of the Project of the Ecological Code of Belarus is reflected in the decision of Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus. Development of the Project of new Ecological Code of the Republic of Belarus and its subsequent adoption will allow to harmonize positions and requirements in the field of preservation of the environment and rational use of natural resources. Successful examples of codification can serve the Ecological Code of Sweden of 1998, the Ecological Code of France of 2000, the Ecological Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 1/9/2007. The activity on the Project of the Ecological Code of Germany and Russian Federation is in the progress. The concept of the subject of legal regulation of the Project of the Ecological Code of Belarus has been offered by the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and assumes that the Code should regulate not only the relation in the sphere of preservation of the environment, but also the relation in the field of rational use of natural resources. Discussion of the Project of the Ecological Code by the public will promote to its perfection and also will allow to leave on a new level in the decision of complicated questions of rational use of natural resources and environment protection.

Discussions

А. А. Shvetsov
THE RELATIONSHIP OF NATURE STUDIES AND NATURE MANAGEMENT IN BELARUS: THE OPINION FROM ONE DISCUSSION. pp. 76-83

Summary: The writer pays attention to the growth of difficulties in the relationship of nature studies and state agencies for nature management. The analysis of their positions shows an absence of contradiction in terms, there is a realization of necessity of collaboration but there are not evident relationships between nature studies, practice of nature management and activities of the state agencies for nature management. The writer understands the cause of this situation as an absence of certain national ecological policy. The several multineteral international agreements, signed by Belarus, in ecological field can't substitute for it. The writer supposes that state agencies for nature management should elaborate the strategy for nature management, determine the line of thought and action for a science and become a conscious customer of scientific works for nature studies. Only then the state agencies for nature management could trust the science. It's impossible to borrow the concrete forms of institulization of the relationship between nature studies and nature management from past times or other reality - each time these forms should be a product of the given problem in the given situation.

V. V. Kalyada
AN INDEX METHOD OF COMPLEX ASSESSMENT OF AGROSYSTEMS DYNAMICS FACTORS. pp. 84-92

Summary: An approach to the complex assessment of agrosystems dynamics factors has been suggested, based on the index method of agricultural crops gross harvest of grain analysis and allowing to lay out their increase regarding main factors (agricultural level, weather-climate conditions, crops scope and structure) for territory-like objects and time periods with statistical data. To overcome dissimilarity of index analysis, related to the problem of irresolvable remainder, it is suggested to calculate values of each factor through Lasperise and Paashe's index, regarding them all as its interval estimation, and a dot assessment should be derived through Fisher's index. Making analysis of time multi-level lines, correct factors estimations should be obtained only through calculations for a couple of joint years with results summing at the time interval chosen. To achieve a territorial estimations comparability it is necessary to account for their values as norms of area under cultivation dimensions, and for time periods of various duration - for a number of years, thus expressing assessments of factors in produce units per area unit for a time unit. The approach abilities have been demonstrated on the example of gross harvest of grain, potato, and fiber flax dynamics in all types of farms of five provinces of Belarus for 1893-1914.

Scientific Communications

A. P. Platonov, S. G. Kovchur, I. I. Lishtvan
UTILIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE WITH THE PURPOSE OF HIGH QUALITY BUILDING MATERIALS PRODUCTION. pp. 93-95

Summary: The research's aim is to develop new ways and methods for industrial utilization of shoe industry waste for environment friendly technologies. Vitebsk State Technological University and Vitebsk Regional Building Association have developed a pilot project for the technologies proposed.

А. S. Мееrоvskiy, N. М. Аvramenko, V. I. Postyka, V. P. Тrybis
PERENNIAL GRASSES PRODUCTIVITY DYNAMICS IN THE CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURAL PEAT SOILS LANDSCAPE. pp. 96-101

Summary: A new approach to methods of quantitative estimation of the stability of the efficiency of perennial grasses in conditions of agro-landscape with peat soils is offered with the purpose of ecological estimation of similar agro-landscapes condition. Using actual data as an example of perennial grasses, farmed since 1961 (45 years) on peat soils on Polesie Research Station of Land-reclamation Agriculture and Grassland Management the model of productivity has been designed. In some periods of use the adverse tendencies in the dynamics of the efficiency of perennial grasses, such as decrease of the efficiency and increase of a degree of productivity variation of grasses are marked. However in the whole, results of the work show that on an example of perennial grasses the assertion about the presence of irreversible degradation of the basic agro-landscape parameter - the efficiency - is deemed as premature.

S. B. Shatunov, E. V. Stashevsky
ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF FIRES. pp. 102-103

Summary: The presented article shows, that fires cause a significant loss to the environment, lead to considerable losses of material and natural resources, frequently create threat to health of people. Some aspects of fires impact on the environment, such as air combustion and chemical substances effluent into the atmosphere, pollution and transfer of water, fires heat and gas exchange, environmental contamination by various means applied at liquidation of fires are considered. It has been shown, that the specified aspects of a fire are interconnected, therefore such problems as contamination of biosphere at various fires, influence on live organisms by products of burning and liquidation of fires, thermal radiation and other factors of fires should be regarded as a complex.

A. P. Gusev
PHYTOINDICATION OF SOIL-GROUNDS HUMIDITY IN A CITY TERRITORY (GOMEL CITY FOR INSRTANCE). pp. 104-109

Summary: In this work, results of studying of ruderal vegetation as indicator of humidity of ground are considered. Application for the indicator purposes of ecological-floristic classification of Braun-Blanquet and a method of ecological scales is considered. On the basis of researches carried out to the urbanized landscapes, a connection between prevalence of various ruderal communities and classes of conditions of the geological environment determining a degree of flooding of a territory is established. Development of the process of flooding is reflected in change of vegetative communities. Connection of phytocoenotic structures of vegetation with the depth of groundwater is considered. The following communities may serve as indicators of processes of a city territory flooding: Bidentietum tripartiti W. Koch 1940, Phragmitetum communis (Gams 1927) Schmale 1939, Typhetum latifolium G. Long 1973, Urtico-Calystegieto sepium Gors et Mull. 1969, Lamio albi-Conietum maculati Oberd. 1957. These communities are rather widely distributed in a city landscape and are capable to exist at high anthropogenic stress.

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