СЕРИЯ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
Издатель: Издательский дом Беларуская навука, Минск, Республика Беларусь
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Известия Академии наук Беларуси СЕРИЯ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ НАУК Издатель: Издательский дом Беларуская навука, Минск, Республика Беларусь |
Summary: The paper presents information on the history of the Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Principal trends of investigations and achievements over 30 years of the Institute existence are covered.
Anoshenko B.Yu.
Optimization of the breeding process and estimation of its functioning efficiency. pp. 11--19
Summary: The paper presents the basic variant of breeding process optimization as a complicated and modifying system the object of which is to raise informativeness. Principles and methods of breeding cycle optimization in selfed plants were proposed. They include hybridization design, estimation of breeding value of crossing combinations and their lines, local adjustment method, line assessment by a character complex and ecological stability of prospective specimens. A software for IBM compatible PC providing basic and subsequent optimization cycles was worked out. Criteria for estimating the efficiency of breeding process functioning and controlling application of new methods and technologies in breeding were derived.
Orlov P.A., Mikhalevich E.A.
Genome- and plasmon effects on plant ability for induction of pollen embryogenesis in wheat anther culture. pp. 19--22
Summary: Genetic control of the parameters, characterizing plant ability for pollen embryogenesis induction in anther culture has been investigated. Conclusion on plasmon involvement in these processes has been drawn.
Bazhanov D.P.
Genetic and ecological investigations of nitrogen-fixing pseudomonads colonizing cereals roots. pp. 22--25
Summary: The plasmid pCK1, bearing constitutive gene nifA of K. pneumoniae was transferred to the strain Pseudomonas 418 and found to derepress nitrogen fixation. Tn5-induced mutants of Pseudomonas 418 defective in nitrogen fixation were isolated. Both the laboratory and field model experiments showed, that the alterations in nitrogen fixation had no effect on the colonization of barley seedling roots by Pseudomonas 418. However, during plant growth the number of derepressed in nitrogen fixation bacteria decreased as compared with wild type ones. The ability to fix nitrogen determined an increase of the introduced wild type bacteria population in barley rhizoplane at heading stage.
Volodin V.G.
Mutagenesis and genetic instability in crop plants. pp. 25--29
Summary: A pattern of radiation induction and manifestation of genetic instability in agricultural plants were studied. A theoretical model of possible mechanisms of this phenomenon was suggested.
Voluevuch E.A., Buloichik A.A.
Study on the role of host-plant genome and plasmon in common wheat resistance to fungal diseases. pp. 29--33
Summary: Investigations on genetics of disease resistance started at the Institute 15 years ago have shown a significant influence of nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic systems on wheat resistance to fungal diseases: brown rust, powdery mildew, loose smut, bunt and septoriose.
Ganets N.B., Volodin V.G., Lisovskaya Z.I., Pleskevich E.N.
The analysis of sister chromatid exchanges in instable forms of barley. pp. 33--36
Summary: The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in instable barley mutants and their starting varieties was studied. The methods of differential staining of sister chromatids was used and chromosomes with the greatest number of exchanges were identified.
Goncharova L.V., Spiridovich E.V.
Triticale and its parental forms: characteristic of seed proteolytic complex at different developmental stages. pp. 36--41
Summary: Proteinase activity was detected in triticale, -- wheat, -- and rye seeds and a comparative analysis for endopeptidase component composition was carried out at different ontogenesis stages. The behaviour of proteinase activity in all cereals studied was similar during maturation and germination. The component composition of triticale, -- rye, -- and wheat endopeptidases that was detected after SDS-polyacrylamide gel enzymatic staining was represented in general by 5 components, low-molecular components of the proteinase complex being revealed in all cereals studied during maturation and high-molecular ones -- during germination. Triticale endopeptidase spectrum during germination was more similar to that in rye and differed greatly from the wheat spectrum in which poorly expressed components of maturated grain were revealed at this stage.
Goncharova R.I.
Antimutagenesis as a genetic process. pp. 41--49
Summary: The conception that antimutagenesis is a normal genetic process whose function is to ensure integrity and stability of hereditary structures has been formulated and grounded. Thus antimutagenesis, as an individual and independent genetic process, can be added to a number of the known genetic processes namely replication, repair, mutagenesis etc. Similarly to other genetic processes antimutagenesis extended in time proceeds in certain material structures by appropriate enzimes and other compounds (endogenous antimutagens). The antimutagenesis process implements fast neutralization and interception of mutagens as well as perticipates in the next more complicated stage controlling functioning of repair and other protective systems of cells and organisms.
Goncharova R.I., Slukvin A.M.
Study on genetic consequences of radiocontamination in pond carp populations. pp. 49--54
Summary: Since 1988 Antimutagenesis laboratory has been carrying out a complex investigation of population genetic processes in carp running under the influence of radionuclide contamination. Reduction of reproductive indices was revealed to be observed in stripped carp maintained in a radiocontaminated pond as against the indices of the pre-accident period and the control findings. The chromosome aberration level in their progeny (embryos and larvae) was several times as much as the control indices. It was noted that even at minor of pond radiocontamination increased levels of mutation and modification variability were observed in carp young fishes for some years.
Gordei I.A., Gordei G.M., Novikova L.V.
Triticale: new genetic and biotechnological methods of development. pp. 54--56
Summary: The paper deals with the genetic principles of new methods for producing wheat -- rye amphidiploids based on the application of genetic systems of wheat and rye compatibility, gamete unreduction and F1 hybrid fertility, induction of unreduced gametes in wheat and genetic recombination in wheat -- rye hybrids. There was revealed a pleiotropic effect of interaction between recessive kr- and fah-genetic wheat systems and rye genome causing inhibition of the structure and function of the division spindle, irregular chromosome disjunction or nondisjunction in A1 and A2, formation of monads, diads, triads and polyads instead of tetrads, viable gametes with unreduced chromosome number and F1 amphihaploid fertility.
Grib S.I.
The problem of plant resources gene pool. pp. 56--59
Summary: The paper presents the problems of plant gene pool in the Republic of Belarus. This problem should be considered in three main aspects -- collection and development of gene pool; study and utilization; storage. For solving this problem in the republic it is necessary to work out a national programme "Genetic Resources of Plants" in the frame of which the following things should be done -- mobilization and conservation of plant resources, study and identification of world gene pool of.cultivated plants, development of information bank of genetic and breeding data on plant resources, provision of research and breeding institutions with information on breeding and genetic value of starting material and with seeds.
Dromashko S.E.
A new information logical approach to computer simulation of genetic processes. pp. 60--63
Summary: The article deals with an information logical approach (ILA) in genetics. There is a qualitative method for processing non-linear data in small samples. The article contains ILA mathematical principles and its computer realization. There are some examples of the ILA application to post-Chernobyl genetic monitoring data.
Dubovets N.I., Dymkova G.V., Solovei L.A., Shtyk T.I., Bormotov V.E.
Tetraploid triticales -- theoretical and applied aspects of investigations. pp. 63--67
Summary: Formation of synthetic karyotypes (mixogenomes) was studied on the basis of tetraploid triticales used as a model object. The findings developing a series of representations of the introgressive hybridization theory in evolution of polyploid cereals species were obtained. Experiments in reconstructing hexaploid triticale karyotype by D(A)- and D(B)-chromosome substitutions were conducted. The factors affecting the introgression frequency and behaviour of D-genome chromosome expression in the substituted forms were revealed.
Dubovskoy B.O., Dromashko S.E., Klevchenya E.M., Pyatkovskaya O.M.
Tabman, version 2 -- a spreadsheet manager system for biological research. pp. 67--69
Summary: The article deals with a new version of spreadsheet manager system TABMAN that can be used for primary statistic processing of input data. This system is easy and handy, it is a kind of a researcher's computer working diary.
Dylenok L.A., Yatsevich A.P., Kudelko L.I., Khomich E.A., Anisimova N.V., Khotylyova L.V.
Genetic investigations of wheat using aneuploids. pp. 69--73
Summary: The main results of investigations using wheat aneuploids have been presented. A new approach to developing monosomic lines has been proposed.
Yelef A.V., Vanakh P.V.
Phenotypic variability of hybrids from crossing triticale instable mutants and zoned varieties of spring wheat. pp. 73--77
Summary: The scope for using instable wheat-type mutants based on triticale as sources for phenotypic variability in mutant -- variety hybridization of spring wheat was defined.
Kipnis E.A., Batrakova O.A., Nikolskaya V.P., Rashal I.D., Kartel N.A.
Dynamics of the callose content in barley seedlings differing in resistance to powdery mildew. pp. 77--79
Summary: Spectrofluorimetric determination of the callose content in barley isogenic lines for ml-o gene during powdery mildew infection was carried out. The barley lines, sensitive and insensitive to powdery mildew were shown to differ from each other by callose formation response. The differences are of qunatitative and temporal character. If in an insensitive mutant callose accumulation was observed in the first 3--5 hours following inoculation, then in a sensitive line this maximum was shifted by 12 hours.
Kuzhir T.D.
Antimutagen effect on repair processes under chemical mutagenesis in Drosophila research. pp. 80--88
Summary: The problem of the antimutagen modulation of DNA-repair pahtways involved into chemical mutagenesis induced by the alkylating agent ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) was investigated when applying different approaches (DHINA) derivatives studied affected the formation both EMS-induced chromosome breakage and gene mutations in Drosophila germ cells. These chemicals, in particular glutapiron, decreased mutagenic effect after the treatment of repair-proficient oocytes in females and premeiotic cells in males, yet were ineffective in mature spermatozoa. The response to glutapiron of excision repair-defective females mei-9L1 was unstable. The mei-9a mutation reduced antimutagen sensitivity of premeiotic male germ cells. The results indicate 1,4-DHINA derivatives influence on repair pathways involved in EMS-mutagenesis.
Kuptsov N.S.
Genetic Gene bank and its application in blue lupine breeding. pp. 89--92
Summary: A genetic gene bank of Lupin angustifolius has been created and included in the breeding technology. This gene bank is the system consisting of 14 components. All genes studied were experimentally collected and are stored in this system. The components of the gene bank (GBG-1 ... GBG-12) are complementary to each other for the controlled genes of the most characters and are components of the genetic system of parents (GSP) which is used in practical breeding for the development of genotypical diversity. The components of the gene bank GBG-13 and GBG-14 are used in the hybridological analysis as testers.
Mazets Zh.E., Deeva V.P., Stalmakova R.N.
Quartasine effect on growth, development and the content of some phytohormones in DT lines of wheat Chinese Spring. pp. 93--97
Summary: Quartazine influence on early stage of growth, development and content of some phytohormones, yield structure elements in ditelocentric lines of Chinese Spring wheat varieties was investigated. Selectivity of the quartazine action depending on genome, homologous group and the chromosome structure was shown. Growth regulator was revealed to affect positively growth processes and to increase crop capacity in most cases.
Makeeva E.N., Klimets E.P., Mosse I.B., Anoshenko I.P., Ushakova D.A., Glushkova I.V.
Estimation of the state of insect natural populations inhabiting Belarus regions with an increased radiation background. pp. 97--101
Summary: The data obtained by monitoring (1986 -- 1994) on genetic and phenetic variability of insect natural populations (Drosophila melanogaster, Leptinotarsa decemlineata) are presented. These populations inhabit the regions with natural (Berezinsky Reserve) and with higher (from 1 to 40 Ci/km2) radiation background. As was shown, there was a greater number of Drosophila individuals with morphogenetic abhormalities (Dr. melanogaster), rare phenocomplexes and pattern variations on front-back and elytron emerged and imago melanization became more intensive (L. decemlineata) in the populations from the radiocontaminated regions. The results of estimating mutation load decreasing viability in the 2nd autosome in drosophila did not yet make it possible to draw a certain conclusion on the influence degree of higher environmental radiation background on population fitness. One can draw a conclusion on sensitivity of test of estimating the morphogenic variability level, the frequency of rare phenocomplexes pattern variations in insects, and the possibility of their application for bioindication of an increase in habitat radiation background.
Makeeva E.N., Panich I.A.
Science-metric analysis of scientific information on genetic problems of the Chernobyl catastrophe. pp. 102--106
Summary: The paper present the data obtained by the scientific metric analysis of biological and medicine information flows concerning the Chernobyl problems (1990--94) published in Belarussian, Ukrainian and Russian scientific editions. The publications representing the results of completed or close to completion stages of scientific investigations are included into the array of information analysed. A maximum yield of the above publications was shown to be observed in 1993 (33.64% and 50.47%, respectively). Information concerning post-Chernobyl genetic effects is given in a larger body in biological literature than in medicine one. As is noted practically there is no information about the results of scientific investigations carried outjointly with foreign colleagues.
Turbin N.V.
Photosynthetic productivity and biological nitrogen fixation in mixed triticale sowings with grain- and legume crops. pp. 106--109
Summary: The paper deals with photosynthetic productivity and biological nitrogen fixation in mixed triticale sowings with grain -- and legume crops.
Khotyljova L.V., Polonetskaya L.M., Tarutina L.A.
Phenotypic and genotypic structure of quantitative traits in fiber flax. pp. 110--115
Summary: The paper deals with estimates of genetic parameter components of quantitative traits in fiber flax varieties obtained in the crossing system of line x tester as well as by comparison of intra and interfamily variation. The effects of incomplete dominance and overdominance are observed equally with additive effects in genetic control of the traits -- plant height, technical length, stem weight, fiber weight, fiber yield percentage, number of inflorescence orders, seed number in boll. Heterogenic populations (L-41, Mogilevsky 1) and donor varieties were selected by the productivity values of fiber (L-41, Mogilevsky 1, Viking) and seeds (L-41, Koto, Lazer).
Aleshkevich F.V., Antonov I.P., Buko V.V. et al.
In Memoriam: Fyodor Semyonovich Larin. pp. 119--120