Изв. Нац. академии наук Беларуси, Сер. мед.-биол. наук, 2002, No.2

Изв. Нац. академии наук Беларуси, Сер. мед.-биол. наук, 2002, No.2

Известия Национальной академии наук Беларуси
СЕРИЯ МЕДИКО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
Издатель Беларуская навука, Минск, Республика Беларусь

Number 2, 2002

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

PHYSIOLOGY AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY

Lobanok L. M., Luksha N. P.
Adrenergic dilatation responses of aorta of rats exposed to a low-power g-radiation: influence of hypoxia and anoxia. pp. 5--9

Summary: In experiments on isolated segments of aorta it was established that adrenergic dilatation responses after exposure of rats to low-power g-radiations in a 50 cGy dose (with a power of the dose 2.8•10^-7 Gy/s) reduced essentially. Obviously, the basic reason of the changes are the mechanisms occurring in the endothelium. Additional functional loading in the form of perfusion by hypoxic solution allowed to reveal latent changes of mechanisms of b-adrenergic vasodilation on the level of vascular smooth muscles, including the remote terms of the post-radiation period. In contrast, in conditions of anoxia the post-radiation changes of dilatation effects of isoprenaline do not emerge, obviously, as a result of a narrowing range of vascular reaction.

Lapsha V. I., Bocharova V. N., Gourine V. N.
Changes in the NO-synthase activity and ultrastructure of brain cortical neurons in conditions short-term ischemia-reperfusion. pp. 10--15

Summary: Experiments were performed on Wistar male rats under nembutal-urethan anesthesia. Short-time (10 min) cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral ligation of carotid arteries. During a short-term cerebral ischemia a part of neurons of the parietal cortex and endotheliocytes of blood vessels showed an increased synthesis of NO. The ultrastructure of some neurons and synaptic formations indicated functional tension. At the same time, in a proportion of neurons there were irreversible changes (disturbed lipid metabolism, destructive alterations of the nucleus and cytoplasm). After short reperfusion the NADPH-d activity in neurons and endotheliocytes remained increased, and ultrastructural investigation revealed neurons both functionally tensioned and destructively changed.

Soltanov V. V., Morozova I. L., Rudaya A. Yu.
Effect of lipopolysaccharide E. coli on the electrical activity of subdiaphragmatic afferent fibers of the vagus. pp. 16--19

Summary: In acute experiments on thiopental-anaesthetized rats it was found that administration of lug of lipopolysaccharide E. coli to the proximal jejunum and distal ileum led to a significant increase in the firing rate of the vagal afferents fibers.

Zhukova I. A., Amvrosjev A. P.
Morphofunctional state of endotheliocytes of blood capillaries of the newborn rat testis after prenatal exposure to acute g-radiation. pp. 20--22

Summary: The influence of single external gamma-irradiation in relatively low doses (0.5 and 2.0 Gy) in the fetal period (15-th day) on the endothelium of testicular blood capillaries of new-born rats was studied. It was established that low doses of ionizing radiation inhibit the development of testicular blood capillaries, change the structure of endothelial cells, their transport and energy function.

Ilyukevich G. V., Smirnova L. A.
Ferroproteins as markers of systemic inflammatory response during acute peritonitis. pp. 23--25

Summary: Patients with acute peritonitis have a very high concentration of ferroproteins in the blood plasma. Their level correlates with the concentration of markers of inflammatory process (TNF-a, I1-1 b, I1-8) as well as with the gravity of the disease, which allows to use ferroproteins as biomarkers of the intensity of inflammatory process for patients with acute peritonitis.

Melenchuk E. V., Tschentke B., Gourine A. V.
Effect of ATP on the electrical activity of warm-sensitive neurons of the anterior hypothalamus in ducks (Cairina moschata). pp. 26--28

Summary: Effect of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) on the electrical activity of 5 warm-sensitive and 10 thermoinsensitive neurons in anterior hypothalamic slices from ducks Cairina moschata was studied. ATP was found to differently change the firing rate of these neurons. Most (3 of 5) warm-sensitive cells increased their activity under the influence of ATP (5--10 mg). ATP increased the firing rate of 5 and inhibited the activity of 4 thermoinsensitive neurons. Thus, the results indicate that ATP is capable of changing the activity of most hypothalamic warm-sensitive and thermoinsensitive neurons.

BIOCHEMISTRY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY

Vinogradov S. V., Vinogradov V. V.
Thiamine and hormonal mechanisms of regulation of lymphocyte proliferation understress. pp. 29--35

Summary: Changes in the proliferative activity of lymphocytes at all phases of immobilization stress were shown to clearly duplicate oscillations of the immunoreactive insulin level in rat blood. The same synphasic rhythm of insulinogenesis and DNA synthesis in effector cells during development of stress response before and after thiamine loading indicates that changes in the proliferation in both cases are insulin-induced and that the pleiotropic effect of vitamin B₁ is horrnonally conditioned. The mechanism of functioning of the genetic trigger of lymphocytes in stress is discussed.

NEUROMORPHOLOGY AND NEUROCHEMISTRY

Lobko P. I., Tchervonaya I. P.
Analysis of the connections between central nervous system and celiac plexus in embryos and experiment. pp. 36--41

Summary: Sources of the preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres of the greater splanchnic nerves and ganglia of the celiac plexus were morphologicaly studied of cats. The animals were subjected to unilateral (separately on the right and on the left sides), grouped, or segmental sections of the ventral roots at the level from the I thoracic to the IV lumbar segments of the spinal cord. The animals were sacrificed after two -- ten days. The material was treated by Bielshowsky--Gross, Campos and Rasskazova methods. The data obtained suggested that the sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibres of the ventral roots of the I thoracic and IV lumbar spinal nerves of the ipsi- and contralateral sides took part in formation of the neurofibrillar component of the splanchnic nerves and ganglia of the splanchnic plexus. Cutting of the ventral roots of the I thoracic and the IV lumbar spinal nerves of one side resulted in degeneration of synapses, transneuronal atrophy of neurons in the ganglia of the splanchnic plexus of the ipsi-and contralateral sides. Passage of the preganglionic nerve fibres from one side to another is realized in the composition of the intraspinal commissures and transversal connections uniting the symmetrical divisions of the autonomic nervous system at the periphery. The preganglionic sympathetic fibres of the ventral roots of the caudal thoracic and cranial lumbar spinal nerves reach the adrenal glands of the ipsi- and contralateral sides.

Netukova N. I., Polenov S. A., Pesotskaya Ya. A., Pashkevich S. G., Novoselova A. M., Kulchitsky V. A.
Ultrastructural pattern of the microcirculation in the rat brainstem after electrical stimulation of the solitary tract nucleus. pp. 42--44

Summary: Using electron microscopy, features of the brainstem microcirculation in mature rats after electrical stimulation (20 µА, 5 min) of the solitary tract nucleus in regular or train modes were studied. Structural alterations of the microcirculation in the dorsal vagal complex after electrical stimulation of the rostral solitary tract nucleus indicate a potentiality of its neurons to participate in the local redistribution of blood flow in the caudal brainstem.

PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

Losich A. A., Kvatcheva Z. B., Leontyuk A. S., Mezen N. I., Plenina L. V., Fedulov A. S., Khlyustov S. V.
Morphometric analysis of protective effect of cardiomedin on glial cells cultured in hypoxia conditions. pp. 45--50

Summary: The article deals with one of the most vital medical and biological problems, which is hypoxia of a cell and a tissue. Such a question is both of fundamental and applied importance. Morphological manifestations of culture cells hypoxic injury light microscopically were revealed and described. The morphometry of cell population injury quantitative evaluation is demonstrated. The screening method to assess antihypoxic properties of different pharmacological agents is offered. Using such approach protective effects of cardiomedin on rat glioma C6 culture cells during hypoxia are analyzed.

Kuzmitsky В. В., Mashkovich A. E., Mizulo N. A., Nasek V. M., Tumar E. M.
Cytoprotective and antisecretory effects of methyl ester of 7-oxo-7-[5'-(dimethoxycarbonylmethyl)-cyclopent-1-en-1-yl]-heptanic acid. pp. 51--54

Summary: Daily of continuous glucocorticoid infusion (hydrocortisone 40 mg/kg per 3 weeks) leads to development of the signs of osteoporosis that can be revealed by a decrease of the bone mass and changes in calcium-phosphorus concentration. The same time administration of calcium phytate maintains the bone mass and prevents biochemical changes in rats during experimental osteoporosis.

Zakharevsky A. S., Chumakov V. N., Rudnik O. A., Vaganov Yu. V.
Effect of calcium phytate on osteoporosis development in rats. pp. 55--58

Kanunnikova N. P., Bashun N. Z., Shalavina E. G., Moiseenok A. G., Voskobojev A. I.
Enzymes of GABA-succinate way in the rat brain after experimental ischemia and reperfusion. pp. 59--62

Summary: We managed to produce rat brain ischemia by bandaging both carotid arteries thiopental anesthesia. Subsequent recovery of brain blood circulation led to development of the postischemia reperfusion syndrome (PRS) which caused the death of 20% of animals during 24 hours. We showed that the activities of the enzymes of GABA catabolism (GABA transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase) decreased mainly following shortly bilateral ischemia (30--60 min), but we observed strengthening of the GABA catabolism and slackening of its synthesis in a more prolonged ischemia (2 h) and during reperfusion (1-2-24 h). The activity of succinate dehydrogenase did not change significantly in these experiments. We suggest that the GABA-bypass activation is an important mechanism of stabilization of succinic oxidase way of energy supply in neurons in PRS.

BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES

Gritsuk A. I., Verner A. I., Matyukhina T. G., Svergun V. Т., Koval A. N., Sergeenko S. M., Gritsuk N. A.
Effect of incorporated cesium radionuclides on the ultrastructure and tissue respiration in the myocardium of rats. pp. 63--70

Summary: The ultrastructure and parameters of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of the myocardium of rats in conditions of prolonged and natural incorporation of ¹³⁷Cs on the contaminated territories were studied. A decrease in the respiratory activity and ultrastructural changes in the myocardium were found, which were considered in terms of cesium action as radioactive element and potassium antagonist, It was suggested that cesium blocks potassium channels of mitochondria, resulting in changes in the volume, alteration of their internal membrane and disorders of respiratory chain. These changes are supposed to characterize the mitochondrial stage of apoptosis which during long exposure to radionuclides acts as a adaptocompensatory mechanism eliminating the least stable subpopulation of cardiomyocytes.

Glebov A. N., Zinchuk V. V.
Blood oxygen transport and prooxidant-antioxidant state during oxidative stress. pp. 71--74

Summary: We studied the blood oxygen transport and prooxidant-antioxidant state during the oxidative stress, induced in rabbits by administration of endotoxin (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide). Blood oxygen-binding properties considerably changed after the endotoxin challenge. Conjugated diene and Schiff base contents increased, and catalase activity and a-tocopherol content decreased. The reduction of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity under conditions of ineffective oxygen utilization creates possibilities for excessive lipid peroxidation activity.

Zhilko N. V., Zarovskaya A. V., Polenov S. A., Subbotin O. V., Gorbachev V. V., Kulchitsky V. A.
Analysis of regional hemodynamics in people systematically undergoing heat exposures in a sauna. pp. 75--78

Summary: Features of regional hemodynamic responses to local cold exposure in 12 persons, aged 40--60, who weekly during a year (50 sessions) underwent hyperthermic influences in a sauna of the Scientific Health Centre at the Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, were studied. In half a year and a year after regular visits to the sauna application of a rubber bag with ice 18х24 cm in size onto the forearm or crus was accompanied by more marked vasoconstrictor responses in the skin of distal parts of the limbs in the subjects as compared with healthy volunteers who did not regularly visit the sauna. We conclude that regional redistributions of the blood flow in response to cooling are one of the mechanisms of increasing body defense in conditions of regular action of hyperthermic factors.

SURVEYS

Shvalev V. N.
Innervation of the heart in ontogenesis and its changes during some cardiological diseases. pp. 79--87

Summary: Human embryonic series underwent neurohistological and neurohistochemical studies. Alterations in the fetal nervous plexuses of man and its postnatal morphological development were first found (material -- the early autopsy and biopsy). Neurohistological, luminiscent, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods were used to study age changes in postnatal human cardiac innervation from the stages of its formation and to related development in postnatal period of its involution. The results of complex (neurohistochemical and electrophysiological) research in the field of age changes of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system based on the previous quantitative neurohistochemical analysis of heart preparations of people belonging to different age-groups normal of men are analyzed. Age- related changes in the total power spectrum of cardiac rhythm variabilities in the low-frequency range in 43 individuals aged 18 to 71. The findings were compared with our own earlier neurohistochemical data on an age-related reduction in the density of sympathetic nervous terminals in the normal human heart. The power spectrum in the low-frequency range of 0.04--0.15 Hz was used as a marker of the sympathetic influence of nerve plexuses on the cardiac pacemaker. These results confirm the fact that there is cardiac desympathization in the fourth decade of human natural ontogenesis and they reflect an involutional process of myocardial sympathetic fibers with aging. The problem of basic studies of age-related changes in the nerve regulation of visceral systems is acquiring a prime importance for the formation of genetic bases of developmental biology and results of these studies may be used in medical practice (ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, sudden cardiac death) and in cardiac transplantation.

Lyubin G. S., Konoplya N. A., Kuzmitsky B. B.
Immunomodulators of natural and synthetic origin. pp. 88--93

Summary: The review is devoted to the distinctive features of the main classes of immune reaction modifiers such as cytokines, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, remedies of microbial and fungous origin, purine and pyrimidine derivatives, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, derivatives of imidazole. Particular attention is paid to new types of low molecular weight immunomodulating substances, the synthesis of which has been carried out at the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (National Academy of Sciences of Belarus). These substances are 8-azasteroid derivatives, which are the analogues of natural carbocyclic steroids characterized by the replacement of carbon atom at position 8 of the steroid skeleton by nitrogen atom, and synthetic derivatives of prostaglandins. The extent of immunoenhancing effect of the analyzed 8-azasteroid compounds and synthetic analogues of prostaglandins was found to be strictly dependent on chemical structure and doses of the compounds as well as on the levels of antigenic load and a number of other factors. These classes of immunoactive low molecular weight compounds can be considered to be promising for the development of new immunomodulating remedies.

Anichtchik O. V., Zimatkin S. M.
Central histaminergic system in normal conditions and under some pathological states. pp. 94--102

Summary: In this review the recent developments in the field of brain histamine research are briefly summarized. The morphology of the central histaminergic system and its functional significance are shortly discussed. A special attention is paid to the participation of brain histamine in several pathological conditions, especially in neurodegenerative diseases -- Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in alcoholism and addictive disorders. The use of histaminergic drugs in the treatment of these disorders seems to be possible.

Titov L. P.
Antitumor immunity and immunotherapy of oncological diseases. pp. 103--116

Summary: Tumor immunology is largely based on the supposition that tumors express tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens that allow to immunologically separate malignant from normal cells. The transformation of a normal cell to a malignancy can result from a variety of different causes. These transforming events may occur spontaneously during cell division as random mutations or gene rearrangements; alternatively, they may be induced by chemical, physical, or viral carcinogens. Virtually all effector mechanisms of the immune system have the potential to contribute to the eradication of tumor cells. The T-cell response is unquestionably the most important host response for the control of growth of antigenic tumors. There are two major mechanisms by which antibodies may mediate tumor cell lysis: antibody-dependent complement-mediated and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Natural killer cells can kill a wide range of tumor targets in vitro. Macrophages are important in tumor immunity as antigen-presenting cells to estimate the immune response and as potential effector cells to mediate tumor lysis. Many potential mechanisms permitting escape from immune destruction have been identified. The recent technological advances that permit isolation of lymphocyte subpopulation, identification and purification of tumor antigens, growth of selected antigen-specific T-cells, enhancement of immune responses with cytokines, antitumor vaccines and vaccination, production of antibodies that can target surface tumor antigens, immunotoxins application have created a new potential and enthusiasm for the immunotherapy of tumors.

Kizyukevich L. S., Turevsky A. A., Shelesnaya E. A., Kizyukevich I. L.
Structural and functional changes in the small intestine during bile intoxication: a review. pp. 117--121

Summary: The review characterizes the different changes (cytochemical, biochemical, physiologic and morphologic) in the small intestine during the modelling of bile intoxication.

Tsarev V. P.
Apoptosis phenomenon and its significance in pathology. pp. 122--126

Summary: Causes, mechanisms of apoptosis, basic methods of its determination, and morphological changes in cell death are considered. The singnificance of apoptosis in norm and different pathological states is shown.

CHRONICLE

Gennadii I'yich Lazyuk (On his 75th anniversary). pp. 127--128
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Aleksandr Vladimirovich Rutsky (On his 70th anniversary). pp. 129--130
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